{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:37:58Z","timestamp":1771659478768,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,15]],"date-time":"2020-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST107-2611-M-019-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST107-2611-M-019-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fisheries Agency, Council of Agriculture","award":["107AS-9.1.5-FA-F1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107AS-9.1.5-FA-F1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swordfish, Xiphias gladius (Linnaeus, 1758), is a commercially important species that is widely distributed throughout three oceans. This species inhabits oceanic waters with preferred environmental ranges and migrates vertically to the surface layer for feeding. However, the spatial distribution pattern and habitat preferences of swordfish have been rarely studied in the Pacific Ocean due to the wide geographic range of this species. This study examined the spatial distribution and preferred ranges of environmental variables for swordfish using two approaches, generalized additive models and habitat suitability index methods, with different spatio-temporal data resolution scales. Results indicated that sea surface temperature is the most important factor determining swordfish spatial distribution. Habitat spatial pattern and preferred environmental ranges, estimated using various modeling approaches, were robust relative to the spatio-temporal data resolution scales. The models were validated by examining the consistency between predictions and untrained actual observations, which all predicted a high relative density of swordfish in the tropical waters of the central Pacific Ocean, with no obvious seasonal movement. Results from this study, based on fishery and remote sensing data with wide spatial coverage, could benefit the conservation and management of fisheries for highly migratory species such as swordfish and tuna.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T08:13:27Z","timestamp":1584519207000},"page":"947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) Using Fishery and Remote Sensing Data: Approach and Resolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1370-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan-Jay","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"},{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Keelung 20246, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ting","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1228-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Chuan","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Marine Biology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taitung 96143, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chen-Te","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Keelung 20246, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2010.08.001","article-title":"Using adaptive area stratification to standardize catch rates with application to North Pacific swordfish (Xiphias gladius)","volume":"106","author":"Ichinokawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish. 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