{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T22:10:15Z","timestamp":1771366215648,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund- ESF) through the Operational Program \u00abHuman Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning 2014-2020\u00bb","award":["MIS 5004486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5004486"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we present an aerosol classification technique based on measurements of a double monochromator Brewer spectrophotometer during the period 1998\u20132017 in Thessaloniki, Greece. A machine learning clustering procedure was applied based on the Mahalanobis distance metric. The classification process utilizes the UV Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) at 340 nm and the Extinction Angstrom Exponent (EAE) at 320\u2013360 nm that are obtained from the spectrophotometer. The analysis is supported by measurements from a CIMEL sunphotometer that were deployed in order to establish the training dataset of Brewer measurements. By applying the Mahalanobis distance algorithm to the Brewer timeseries, we automatically assigned measurements in one of the following clusters: Fine Non Absorbing Mixtures (FNA): 64.7%, Black Carbon Mixtures (BC): 17.4%, Dust Mixtures (DUST): 8.1%, and Mixed: 9.8%. We examined the clustering potential of the algorithm by reclassifying the training dataset and comparing it with the original one and also by using manually classified cases. The typing score of the Mahalanobis algorithm is high for all predominant clusters FNA: 77.0%, BC: 63.9%, and DUST: 80.3% when compared with the training dataset. We obtained high scores as well FNA: 100.0%, BC: 66.7%, and DUST: 83.3% when comparing it with the manually classified dataset. The flags obtained here were applied in the timeseries of the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 340 nm of the Brewer and the CIMEL in order to compare between the two and also stress the future impact of the proposed clustering technique in climatological studies of the station.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T08:13:27Z","timestamp":1584519207000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Automated Aerosol Classification from Spectral UV Measurements Using Machine Learning Clustering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7773-342X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Siomos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1511-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias","family":"Fountoulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA), 11020 Saint-Christophe, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5199-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Natsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Theano","family":"Drosoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3899-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alkiviadis","family":"Bais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds: The Software Package OPAC","volume":"79","author":"Hess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.06.039","article-title":"Size, source and chemical composition as determinants of toxicity attributable to ambient particulate matter","volume":"60","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6734","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.006734","article-title":"Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar for profiling aerosol optical properties","volume":"47","author":"Hair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chili\u0144ski, M.T., Markowicz, K.M., Zawadzka, O., Stachlewska, I.S., Lisok, J., and Makuch, P. (2019). Comparison of Columnar, Surface, and UAS Profiles of Absorbing Aerosol Optical Depth and Single-Scattering Albedo in South-East Poland. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10080446"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.06.002","article-title":"An AERONET-based aerosol classification using the Mahalanobis distance","volume":"140","author":"Hamill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.05.035","article-title":"Characteristics of aerosol types from AERONET sunphotometer measurements","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-453-2007","article-title":"Classification of aerosol properties derived from AERONET direct sun data","volume":"7","author":"Gobbi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAMC2006.1","article-title":"Airmass Classification and Analysis of Aerosol Types at El Arenosillo (Spain)","volume":"48","author":"Toledano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6546","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5860-1","article-title":"Aerosol composition and properties variation at the ground and over the column under different air masses advection in South Italy","volume":"23","author":"Pavese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaskaoutis, D.G., Kosmopoulos, P.G., Kambezidis, H.D., and Nastos, P.T. (2010). Identification of the Aerosol Types over Athens, Greece: The Influence of Air-Mass Transport. Adv. Meteorol.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/168346"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.05.017","article-title":"Aerosol climatology and discrimination of different types over Athens, Greece, based on MODIS data","volume":"41","author":"Kaskaoutis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-2487-2013","article-title":"Aerosol classification by airborne high spectral resolution lidar observations","volume":"13","author":"Esselborn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01004","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201611901004","article-title":"HETEAC: The Aerosol Classification Model for EarthCARE","volume":"119","author":"Wandinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"EPJ Web. Conf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-73-2012","article-title":"Aerosol classification using airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar measurements\u2014Methodology and examples","volume":"5","author":"Burton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15879","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-15879-2018","article-title":"An automatic observation-based aerosol typing method for EARLINET","volume":"18","author":"Papagiannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14511","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-14511-2018","article-title":"A neural network aerosol-typing algorithm based on lidar data","volume":"18","author":"Nicolae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-10961-2019","article-title":"Comparison of two automated aerosol typing methods and their application to an EARLINET station","volume":"19","author":"Voudouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00881042","article-title":"A replacement for the Dobson spectrophotometer?","volume":"106","author":"Brewer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zerefos, C.S., and Ghazi, A. (1985). The Automated Brewer Spectrophotometer. Atmospheric Ozone, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5313-0"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5199","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.005199","article-title":"Absolute spectral measurements of direct solar ultraviolet irradiance with a Brewer spectrophotometer","volume":"36","author":"Bais","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6bner, J., and Meleti, C. (2004). Aerosol optical depth in the UVB and visible wavelength range from Brewer spectrophotometer direct irradiance measurements: 1991\u20132002. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004409"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900459","article-title":"Measurements of aerosol optical depth at Ispra: Analysis of the correlation with UV-B, UV-A, and total solar irradiance","volume":"105","author":"Meleti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-3885-2018","article-title":"Aerosol optical depth in the European Brewer Network","volume":"18","author":"Redondas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-215-2016","article-title":"Non-parametric and least squares Langley plot methods","volume":"9","author":"Kiedron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.001681","article-title":"Direct spectral measurements with a Brewer spectroradiometer: Absolute calibration and aerosol optical depth retrieval","volume":"44","author":"Kazadzis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.09.080","article-title":"Deriving an effective aerosol single scattering albedo from spectral surface UV irradiance measurements","volume":"39","author":"Bais","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aerosol optical characteristics in the urban area of Rome, Italy, and their impact on the UV index","volume":"2019","author":"Campanelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp90059k","article-title":"Ozone\u2013climate interactions and effects on solar ultraviolet radiation","volume":"18","author":"Bais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31865","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00399","article-title":"Measurements of irradiance attenuation and estimation of aerosol single scattering albedo for biomass burning aerosols in Amazonia","volume":"103","author":"Eck","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinyuk, A., Torres, O., and Dubovik, O. (2003). Combined use of satellite and surface observations to infer the imaginary part of refractive index of Saharan dust. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016189"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-5813-2009","article-title":"Retrieval of aerosol single scattering albedo at ultraviolet wavelengths at the T1 site during MILAGRO","volume":"9","author":"Corr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-331-2010","article-title":"Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo retrieval in the UV range: An application to OMI satellite validation","volume":"10","author":"Ialongo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5997","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-5997-2016","article-title":"Aerosol absorption retrieval at ultraviolet wavelengths in a complex environment","volume":"9","author":"Kazadzis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Mahalanobis, P.C. (1936). On the Generalized Distance in Statistics, National Institute of Science of India."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-4935-2018","article-title":"The Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC): History, status and perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48625-z","article-title":"Success of Montreal Protocol Demonstrated by Comparing High-Quality UV Measurements with \u201cWorld Avoided\u201d Calculations from Two Chemistry-Climate Models","volume":"9","author":"McKenzie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"393","article-title":"Twenty-five years of spectral UV-B measurements over Canada, Europe and Japan: Trends and effects from changes in ozone, aerosols, clouds, and surface reflectivity","volume":"350","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"C. R. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11885","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-11885-2018","article-title":"Are EARLINET and AERONET climatologies consistent? The case of Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"18","author":"Siomos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20673","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900282","article-title":"A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, N.T., Eck, T.F., Smirnov, A., Holben, B.N., and Thulasiraman, S. (2003). Spectral discrimination of coarse and fine mode optical depth. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002975"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"The AERONET Version 3 aerosol retrieval algorithm, associated uncertainties and comparisons to Version 2","volume":"2020","author":"Sinyuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-169-2019","article-title":"Advancements in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 database\u2014Automated near-real-time quality control algorithm with improved cloud screening for Sun photometer aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements","volume":"12","author":"Giles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5380","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50171","article-title":"Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment","volume":"118","author":"Bond","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31333","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900923","article-title":"Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols","volume":"104","author":"Eck","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"156","article-title":"On the Atmospheric Transmission of Sun Radiation and on Dust in the Air","volume":"11","year":"1929","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL00842","article-title":"Solar UVB measurements with the double- and single-monochromator Brewer ozone spectrophotometers","volume":"23","author":"Bais","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-2091-2007","article-title":"Nine years of UV aerosol optical depth measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"7","author":"Kazadzis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.006339","article-title":"Correcting global solar ultraviolet spectra recorded by a Brewer spectroradiometer for its angular response error","volume":"37","author":"Bais","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-24-3215-2006","article-title":"Monitoring of UV spectral irradiance at Thessaloniki (1990\u20132005): Data re-evaluation and quality control","volume":"24","author":"Garane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12509","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900561","article-title":"SUSPEN intercomparison of ultraviolet spectroradiometers","volume":"106","author":"Bais","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9441","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-9441-2018","article-title":"EUBREWNET RBCC-E Huelva 2015 Ozone Brewer Intercomparison","volume":"18","author":"Redondas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7265","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.007265","article-title":"Traceability of solar UV measurements using the Qasume reference spectroradiometer","volume":"55","author":"Nevas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.04.012","article-title":"Validation of OMI erythemal doses with multi-sensor ground-based measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"183","author":"Zempila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fountoulakis, I., Natsis, A., Siomos, N., Drosoglou, T., and Bais, A.F. (2019). Deriving Aerosol Absorption Properties from Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Spectral Measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201909.0049.v1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-905-2017","article-title":"Aerosol optical depth determination in the UV using a four-channel precision filter radiometer","volume":"10","author":"Carlund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D21203","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006190","article-title":"Four-year aerosol observations with a Raman lidar at Thessaloniki, Greece, in the framework of European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET)","volume":"110","author":"Amiridis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-569-2010","article-title":"Optical properties of different aerosol types: Seven years of combined Raman-elastic backscatter lidar measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"3","author":"Giannakaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7003","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-7003-2017","article-title":"Investigating the quality of modeled aerosol profiles based on combined lidar and sunphotometer data","volume":"17","author":"Siomos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-7395-2013","article-title":"Changes in particulate matter physical properties during Saharan advections over Rome (Italy): A four-year study, 2001\u20132004","volume":"13","author":"Gobbi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carstea, E., Fragkos, K., Siomos, N., Antonescu, B., and Belegante, L. (2019). Columnar aerosol measurements in a continental southeastern Europe site: Climatology and trends. Theor. Appl. Climatol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-019-02805-z"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-2493-2016","article-title":"Short- and long-term variability of spectral solar UV irradiance at Thessaloniki, Greece: Effects of changes in aerosols, total ozone and clouds","volume":"16","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/6\/965\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:07:27Z","timestamp":1760173647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/6\/965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12060965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12060965","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]}}}