{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T03:34:21Z","timestamp":1764732861618,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2016YFC0200404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0200404"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) has been observing aerosol optical depth (AOD), which is a critical parameter in air pollution and climate change, for more than 7 years since 2012. Due to limited and uneven distribution of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) station in China, the independent data from the Campaign on Atmospheric Aerosol Research Network of China (CARE-China) was used to evaluate the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) VIIRS AOD products in six typical sites and analyze the influence of the aerosol model selection process in five subregions, particularly for dust. Compared with ground-based observations, the performance of all retrievals (except the Shapotou (SPT) site) is similar to other previous studies on a global scale. However, the results illustrate that the AOD retrievals with the dust model showed poor consistency with a regression equation as y = 0.312x + 0.086, while the retrievals obtained from the other models perform much better with a regression equation as y = 0.783x + 0.119. The poor AOD retrieval with the dust model was also verified by a comparison with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol product. The results show they have a lower correlation coefficient (R) and a higher mean relative error (MRE) when the aerosol model used in the retrieval is identified as dust. According to the Ultraviolet Aerosol Index (UVAI), the frequency of dust type over southern China is inconsistent with the actual atmospheric condition. In addition, a comparison of ground-based \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m exponent (\u03b1) values yields an unexpected result that the dust model percentage exceed 40% when \u03b1 &lt; 1.0, and the mean \u03b1 shows a high value of ~0.75. Meanwhile, the \u03b1 peak value (~1.1) of the \u201cdust\u201d model determined by a satellite retravel algorithm indicate there is some problem in the dust model selection process. This mismatching of the aerosol model may partly explain the low accuracy at the SPT and the systemic biases in regional and global validations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T10:01:35Z","timestamp":1584612095000},"page":"991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Impact of the Dust Aerosol Model on the VIIRS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) Product across China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0035-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangfu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4243-5072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyuan","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IPCC (2013). Fifth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2013, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064034","article-title":"Atmosphere\u2014Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle","volume":"294","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128972","article-title":"Atmosphere. Aerosols, clouds, and climate","volume":"312","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.01.036","article-title":"Lung cancer mortality and exposure to atmospheric aerosol particles in Guangzhou, China","volume":"43","author":"Tie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-4083-2015","article-title":"Towards a long-term global aerosol optical depth record: Applying a consistent aerosol retrieval algorithm to MODIS and VIIRS-observed reflectance","volume":"8","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popp, T., de Leeuw, G., Bingen, C., Bruhl, C., Capelle, V., Chedin, A., Clarisse, L., Dubovik, O., Grainger, R., and Griesfeller, J. (2016). Development, Production and Evaluation of Aerosol Climate Data Records from European Satellite Observations (Aerosol_cci). Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050421"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2007.01.007","article-title":"Past, present, and future of global aerosol climatologies derived from satellite observations: A perspective","volume":"106","author":"Mishchenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2989-2013","article-title":"The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12673","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020449","article-title":"Suomi-NPP VIIRS aerosol algorithms and data products","volume":"118","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7139","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD024834","article-title":"Validation and expected error estimation of Suomi-NPP VIIRS aerosol optical thickness and Angstrom exponent with AERONET","volume":"121","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020360","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of S-NPP VIIRS aerosol optical thickness","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Chen, L., Li, S., Wang, X., Yu, C., Si, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2017). Interference of Heavy Aerosol Loading on the VIIRS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) Retrieval Algorithm. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9040397"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.04.023","article-title":"Evaluation of seven European aerosol optical depth retrieval algorithms for climate analysis","volume":"162","author":"Bevan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2015.1111450","article-title":"The ADV\/ASV AATSR aerosol retrieval algorithm: Current status and presentation of a full-mission AOD dataset","volume":"9","author":"Kolmonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.09.009","article-title":"Using angular and spectral shape similarity constraints to improve MISR aerosol and surface retrievals over land","volume":"94","author":"Diner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6762","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.006762","article-title":"Validation of a vector version of the 6S radiative transfer code for atmospheric correction of satellite data. Part I: Path radiance","volume":"45","author":"Kotchenova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00089-5","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of MODIS data in the visible to middle infrared: First results","volume":"83","author":"Vermote","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy, R.C., Remer, L.A., and Dubovik, O. (2007). Global aerosol optical properties and application to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol retrieval over land. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007815"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13859","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00994","article-title":"Dynamic aerosol model: Urban\/industrial aerosol","volume":"103","author":"Remer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-779-2012","article-title":"Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: Spatial\/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.07.009","article-title":"The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing\u2014Concentration, composition, distribution and sources","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00039.1","article-title":"THE CAMPAIGN ON ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL RESEARCH NETWORK OF CHINA CARE-CHINA","volume":"96","author":"Xin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.064","article-title":"Managing air quality in a rapidly developing nation: China","volume":"43","author":"Fang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2012.701193","article-title":"Winter and Summer PM2.5 Chemical Compositions in Fourteen Chinese Cities","volume":"62","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5207","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-5207-2011","article-title":"Characteristics of PM2.5 speciation in representative megacities and across China","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Pan, Z.X., Mao, F.Y., Gong, W., and Shen, L.J. (2017). Evaluation of VIIRS Land Aerosol Model Selection with AERONET Measurements. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14091016"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2015.06.015","article-title":"Application of aerosol optical properties to estimate aerosol type from ground-based remote sensing observation at urban area of northeastern China","volume":"132","author":"Che","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50515","article-title":"Constraints on aerosol sources using GEOS-Chem adjoint and MODIS radiances, and evaluation with multisensor (OMI, MISR) data","volume":"118","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Xia, X.G., Wang, P.C., and Christopher, S.A. (2004). Diurnal variability of dust aerosol optical thickness and Angstrom exponent over dust source regions in China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019580"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, J.Y., Wang, Y.S., Li, Z.Q., Wang, P.C., Hao, W.M., Nordgren, B.L., Wang, S.G., Liu, G.R., Wang, L.L., and Wen, T.X. (2007). Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent of aerosols observed by the Chinese Sun Hazemeter Network from August 2004 to September 2005. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007075"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31333","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900923","article-title":"Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols","volume":"104","author":"Eck","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2015.01.009","article-title":"The variability of biomass burning and its influence on regional aerosol properties during the wheat harvest season in North China","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9296","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50712","article-title":"Enhanced Deep Blue aerosol retrieval algorithm: The second generation","volume":"118","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-913-2012","article-title":"Multi-sensor Aerosol Products Sampling System (MAPSS)","volume":"5","author":"Petrenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-3257-2013","article-title":"Improvements to the OMI near-UV aerosol algorithm using A-train CALIOP and AIRS observations","volume":"6","author":"Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, O., Tanskanen, A., Veihelmann, B., Ahn, C., Braak, R., Bhartia, P.K., Veefkind, P., and Levelt, P. (2007). Aerosols and surface UV products from Ozone Monitoring Instrument observations: An overview. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008809"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020472","article-title":"Postlaunch performance of the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) nadir sensors","volume":"119","author":"Seftor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-1255-2016","article-title":"Evaluation of VIIRS, GOCI, and MODIS Collection 6 AOD retrievals against ground sunphotometer observations over East Asia","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Xia, X.G., Wang, J., Che, H.Z., Chen, H.B., Zhang, J.Q., Xu, X.G., Levy, R.C., Oo, M., and Holz, R. (2017). Evaluation of Aerosol Optical Depth and Aerosol Models from VIIRS Retrieval Algorithms over North China Plain. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050432"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v16i1.8885","article-title":"The parameters of atmospheric turbidity","volume":"16","author":"Angstrom","year":"1964","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-3755-2015","article-title":"Monsoonal variations in aerosol optical properties and estimation of aerosol optical depth using ground-based meteorological and air quality data in Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18205","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900663","article-title":"Climatology of dust aerosol size distribution and optical properties derived from remotely sensed data in the solar spectrum","volume":"106","author":"Tanre","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omar, A.H., Won, J.G., Winker, D.M., Yoon, S.C., Dubovik, O., and McCormick, M.P. (2005). Development of global aerosol models using cluster analysis of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004874"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1109\/36.628795","article-title":"The MODIS 2.1-mu m channel\u2014Correlation with visible reflectance for use in remote sensing of aerosol","volume":"35","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1163750","article-title":"Seasonal variations in aerosol optical thickness over eastern China determined from VIIRS data and ground measurements","volume":"37","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2007.07.001","article-title":"Modeling of the scattering and radiative properties of nonspherical dust-like aerosols","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.05.034","article-title":"Improved algorithm for MODIS satellite retrievals of aerosol optical thickness over land in dusty atmosphere: Implications for air quality monitoring in China","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/6\/991\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:09:45Z","timestamp":1760173785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/6\/991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12060991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12060991","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]}}}