{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:53:39Z","timestamp":1774637619714,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cost Association","award":["CA16219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA16219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing role that unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are playing in data collection for environmental studies, two key challenges relate to harmonizing and providing standardized guidance for data collection, and also establishing protocols that are applicable across a broad range of environments and conditions. In this context, a network of scientists are cooperating within the framework of the Harmonious Project to develop and promote harmonized mapping strategies and disseminate operational guidance to ensure best practice for data collection and interpretation. The culmination of these efforts is summarized in the present manuscript. Through this synthesis study, we identify the many interdependencies of each step in the collection and processing chain, and outline approaches to formalize and ensure a successful workflow and product development. Given the number of environmental conditions, constraints, and variables that could possibly be explored from UAS platforms, it is impractical to provide protocols that can be applied universally under all scenarios. However, it is possible to collate and systematically order the fragmented knowledge on UAS collection and analysis to identify the best practices that can best ensure the streamlined and rigorous development of scientific products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12061001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T11:42:11Z","timestamp":1584704531000},"page":"1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Current Practices in UAS-based Environmental Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goran","family":"Tmu\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovi\u0107a 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0225-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Manfreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4343-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge","family":"Aasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Crop Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universit\u00e4tstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9177-2588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike R.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK"},{"name":"Lancaster Intelligent Robotic &amp; Autonomous Systems Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4WA, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1746-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gil","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics &amp; INESC-Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3001-501 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6757-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyal","family":"Ben-Dor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Porter School of Environment and Earth Science, Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel, P.O. Box 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3205-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, 39105 Haifa, Israel"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Polinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, 39105 Haifa, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1653-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Juan","family":"Arranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETSI Topograf\u00eda, Geodesia y Cartograf\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2604-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Mapping and Environmental Informatics, Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Research, Herman Ott\u00f3 str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Ruodan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo, Architettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DiCEM), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1889-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasper","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2964-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoann","family":"Malbeteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing Applications (CRSA), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 43150 Benguerir, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5134-4175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Pedroso","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6644-4793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corine","family":"Davids","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Siva Innovasjonssenter, Sykehusvn 21, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Sorin","family":"Herban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poliltehnic University of Timisoara, Traian Lalescu 2\u00b0, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1279-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew F.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ad\u00e3o, T., Hru\u0161ka, J., P\u00e1dua, L., Bessa, J., Peres, E., Morais, R., and Sousa, J.J. 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