{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:33:15Z","timestamp":1760369595799,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL2015-65913-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2015-65913-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EFA158\/16\/POCRISC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFA158\/16\/POCRISC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["278318\/438360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["278318\/438360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007061","name":"Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["270-2017-022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["270-2017-022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, remote and in situ techniques to estimate the dynamic response of a building to ambient vibration are reported: data acquired through a real-aperture radar (RAR) interferometer and conventional accelerometers are analyzed. A five-story reinforced concrete housing building, which was damaged during the May 11th 2011 Lorca (Spain) earthquake, is used as a case study. The building was monitored using both types of instruments. The dynamic properties of the building are estimated first taking acceleration measurements using a set of 10 high-precision accelerometers installed on the roof of the building. Further, the displacement\u2013time histories, recorded with the RAR device pointing to a corner of the building, are analyzed. Then, the ability and shortcomings of RAR measurements to deal with the fundamental frequencies of vibration of the structure are investigated. The advantages and limitations of from-inside (accelerometric) and from-outside (RAR) measurements are highlighted and discussed. A relevant conclusion is that, after strong earthquakes, RAR may be an interesting and useful tool, as it allows surveying the structural response of mid-rise buildings remotely, without the need to enter the structures, which may be dangerous for inspectors or technicians in cases of severely damaged buildings. Given that the instrumented building suffered significant damage, the ability of these kinds of measurements to detect damage is also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12061025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T07:16:08Z","timestamp":1585034168000},"page":"1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dynamic Monitoring of a Mid-Rise Building by Real-Aperture Radar Interferometer: Advantages and Limitations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4522-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo E.","family":"Alva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, C. Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2619-0805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis G.","family":"Pujades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, C. Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Drigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, C. Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8924-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Luzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing-Division of Geomatics, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, Ave. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 7, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-0882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriol","family":"Caselles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, C. Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3128-7158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"Pinz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, C. Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FEMA-440 (2005). Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures, Applied Technology Council."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FEMA-306 (1998). Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings, Applied Technology Council."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"FEMA-351 (2000). Recommended Seismic Evaluation and Upgrade Criteria for Existing Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings, Applied Technology Council."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Goretti, A. (2001). Post-Earthquake Building Usability: An Assessment, Servizio Sismico Nazionale (SSN). Technical Report SSN\/RT\/01\/03."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Zuccaro, G., and Papa, F. (2002, January 20\u201322). Multimedia handbook for seismic damage evaluation and post event macroseismic assessment. Proceedings of the XXIII General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Rojah, C. (2005). ATC-20-1 Field Manual: Postearthquake Safety Evaluation of Buildings, Applied Technology Council."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, M., and Castrill\u00f3n, E. (1995). Manual de Evaluaci\u00f3n posts\u00edsmica de la Seguridad Estructural de Edificaciones (Post-seismic assessment manual for structural safety of buildings), Instituto de Ingenier\u00eda, UNAM. (In Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2006.1928","article-title":"An introduction to structural health monitoring","volume":"365","author":"Farrar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.08.017","article-title":"Quantifying the benefits of building instruments to FEMA P-58 rapid post-earthquake damage and loss predictions","volume":"176","author":"Cremen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Sohn, H., Farrar, C.R., Hemez, F., and Czarnecki, J. (2002, January 7\u201311). A Review of Structural Health Monitoring Literature 1996\u20132001. Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Structural Control. Structural Control, Como, Italy."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/mssp.1998.1209","article-title":"Modal testing using a scanning laser doppler vibrometer","volume":"13","author":"Stanbridge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alva, R.E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Drigo, J.R., Luzi, G., Caselles, O., Pujades, L.G., Vargas-alzate, Y.F., and Pinz\u00f3n, L.A. (2019, January 24\u201326). Remote ambien vibration measurements with Real-Aperture Radar to estimate buildings dynamic properties. Proceedings of the ECCOMAS Thematic Conference-COMPDYN 2019: 7th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering: An IACM Special Interest Conference, Crete, Greece.","DOI":"10.7712\/120119.7037.18837"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-drigo, R., Cabrera, E., Luzi, G., Pujades, L.G., Alzate, Y.F.V., and Avila-haro, J. (2019). Assessment of Post-Earthquake Damaged Building with Interferometric Real Aperture Radar. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232830"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luzi, G., Crosetto, M., and Fern\u00e1ndez, E. (2017). Radar interferometry for monitoring the vibration characteristics of buildings and civil structures: Recent case studies in Spain. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040669"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2009.11.007","article-title":"Deflection measurement on vibrating stay cables by non-contact microwave interferometer","volume":"43","author":"Gentile","year":"2010","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/15732470903068557","article-title":"An interferometric radar for non-contact measurement of deflections on civil engineering structures: Laboratory and full-scale tests","volume":"6","author":"Gentile","year":"2010","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2008.04.005","article-title":"Output-only modal identification of a reinforced concrete bridge from radar-based measurements","volume":"41","author":"Gentile","year":"2008","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2014.04.019","article-title":"A radar-based monitoring of the Collserola tower (Barcelona)","volume":"49","author":"Luzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ruediger, H., Lachmann, S., and Hartmann, D. (2012, January 27\u201329). Conceptual study on instrumentation for displacement-based service strength checking of wind turbines. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.639-640.293","article-title":"Wind-induced vibration analysis and remote monitoring test of wind turbine power tower","volume":"639\u2013640","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"167","article-title":"Ambient vibration monitoring of slender structures by microwave interferometer remote sensing","volume":"6","author":"Gikas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geod."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Novel technique of radar interferometry in dynamic control of tall slender structures","volume":"6","author":"Owerko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Archit."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"41","article-title":"Monitoring of displacements with ground-based microwave interferometry: IBIS-S and IBIS-L","volume":"4","author":"Gerstenecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geod."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"83","article-title":"Application of IBIS Microwave Interferometer for Measuring Normal-Mode Vibrational Frequencies of Industrial Chimneys","volume":"4","author":"Kuras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomatics Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.01.005","article-title":"Comparison of seismometer and radar measurements for the modal identification of civil engineering structures","volume":"51","author":"Negulescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600750037561","article-title":"Remote monitoring of buildings using a ground-based SAR: Application to cultural heritage survey","volume":"21","author":"Tarchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2011.01.003","article-title":"Assessment of vibration reduction on the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence (Italy) after vehicular traffic block","volume":"12","author":"Fratini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6423","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2825331","article-title":"Dynamic vibration characteristics monitoring of high-rise buildings by interferometric real-aperture radar technique: Laboratory and full-scale tests","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Montuori, A., Luzi, G., Bignami, C., Gaudiosi, I., and Stramondo, S. (2016, January 9\u201313). A non-invasive methodology for the urban monitoring based on the combined use of INSAR, GBSAR and RAR sensors: From the surface deformations to single-building dynamical behavior. Proceedings of the Living Planet Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/09349847.2012.660241","article-title":"The potential of coherent radar to support the monitoring of the health state of buildings","volume":"23","author":"Luzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spectral characteristics of asynchronous data in operational modal analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Control Heal. Monit."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"561","article-title":"Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series","volume":"11","author":"Grinsted","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Geosci. Union"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Rodr\u00edguez, J., Sagartzazu, X., Schuhmacher, A., and Isasa, I. (2010, January 20\u201322). Multiple coherence method in time domain for the analysis of the transmission paths of noise and vibrations with non stationary signals. Proceedings of the ISMA 2010-International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering, Leuven, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"J, E. (2013). An introduction to field analysis techniques: The power spectrum and coherence. The Science of Large Data Sets: Spikes, Fields, and Voxels, Society for Neuroscience."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1155\/1996\/963607","article-title":"Review Matrix Methods for Estimating the Coherence Functions from Estimates of the Cross-Spectral Density Matrix","volume":"3","author":"Smallwood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"MATLAB (2018). Version 9.5.0.1033004 (R2018b) Update 2, The MathWorks Inc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/TAU.1967.1161901","article-title":"The Use of Fast Fourier Transform for the Estimation of Power Spectra: A Method Based on Time Averaging Over Short, Modified Periodograms","volume":"15","author":"Welch","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Maia, N.M.M., and Silva, J.M.M.S.E. (1997). Theoretical and Experimental Modal Analysis, Research Studies Press."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bendat, J.S., and Piersol, A.G. (1980). Engineering Applications of Correlation and Spectral Analysis, Wiley-Interscience."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benesty, J., Chen, J., Huang, Y., and Cohen, I. (2009). Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Noise Reduction in Speech Processing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00296-0_5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2013.784824","article-title":"Application of Particle Motion Technique to Structural Modal Identification of Heritage Buildings","volume":"9","author":"Caselles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-013-9489-5","article-title":"Changes in dynamic characteristics of Lorca RC buildings from pre- and post-earthquake ambient vibration data","volume":"12","author":"Vidal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"99","article-title":"European Macroseismic Scale 1998","volume":"15","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cah. du Cent. Eur. G\u00e9odynamique S\u00e9ismologie"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Ratzlaff, S. (2011). Informe Estructural de Edificios de Viviendas Tras el Terremoto de Lorca del 11\/05\/2011 \u201cEdificio La Vi\u00f1a y Vi\u00f1a No1\u201d (Structural Report of Residential Buildings After the Lorca Earthquake of 05\/11\/2011 \u201cLa Vi\u00f1a and Vi\u00f1a Building No1\u201d), Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Murcia. (In Spanish)."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/6\/1025\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:10:40Z","timestamp":1760173840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/6\/1025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12061025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12061025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]}}}