{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:20:18Z","timestamp":1781043618813,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Plant Phenotyping Network (DPPN)","award":["031A053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031A053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land surface temperature (LST) is a fundamental parameter within the system of the Earth\u2019s surface and atmosphere, which can be used to describe the inherent physical processes of energy and water exchange. The need for LST has been increasingly recognised in agriculture, as it affects the growth phases of crops and crop yields. However, challenges in overcoming the large discrepancies between the retrieved LST and ground truth data still exist. Precise LST measurement depends mainly on accurately deriving the surface emissivity, which is very dynamic due to changing states of land cover and plant development. In this study, we present an LST retrieval algorithm for the combined use of multispectral optical and thermal UAV images, which has been optimised for operational applications in agriculture to map the heterogeneous and diverse agricultural crop systems of a research campus in Germany (April 2018). We constrain the emissivity using certain NDVI thresholds to distinguish different land surface types. The algorithm includes atmospheric corrections and environmental thermal emissions to minimise the uncertainties. In the analysis, we emphasise that the omission of crucial meteorological parameters and inaccurately determined emissivities can lead to a considerably underestimated LST; however, if the emissivity is underestimated, the LST can be overestimated. The retrieved LST is validated by reference temperatures from nearby ponds and weather stations. The validation of the thermal measurements indicates a mean absolute error of about 0.5 K. The novelty of the dual sensor system is that it simultaneously captures highly spatially resolved optical and thermal images, in order to construct the precise LST ortho-mosaics required to monitor plant diseases and drought stress and validate airborne and satellite data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Land Surface Temperature Retrieval for Agricultural Areas Using a Novel UAV Platform Equipped with a Thermal Infrared and Multispectral Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8302-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Heinemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Geophysics, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastian","family":"Siegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3371-7206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Thonfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97074 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5127-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces (ZFL), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4647-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Jedmowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3709-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Kemna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geophysics, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9451-6769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Kraska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Lab Campus Klein-Altendorf, University of Bonn, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0473-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onno","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0410-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Udelhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Remote Sensing &amp; Geoinformatics, University of Trier, 54296 Trier, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4371-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norman","family":"Wilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Rascher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.008","article-title":"Satellite-derived land surface temperature: Current status and perspectives","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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