{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:26:33Z","timestamp":1760955993772,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The internal layers of ice sheets from ice-penetrating radar (IPR) investigation preserve critical information about the ice-flow field and englacial conditions. This paper presents a new detailed analysis of spatial distribution characteristics of internal layers and subglacial topography of the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) from Zhongshan Station to Dome A. The radar data of 1244 km along a traverse between Zhongshan Station and Dome A of EAIS were collected during the 29th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 29, 2012\/2013). In this study, the Internal Layering Continuity Index (ILCI) and basal roughness were taken as indicators to provide an opportunity to evaluate the past internal environment and dynamics of the ice sheet. Except for the upstream of Lambert Glacier, the fold patterns of internal layers are basically similar to that of the bed topography. The relatively flat basal topography and the decrease of ILCI with increasing depth provide evidence for identifying previous rapid ice flow areas that are unavailable to satellites, especially in the upstream of Lambert Glacier. Continuous internal layers of Dome A, recording the spatial change of past ice accumulation and ice-flow history over 160 ka, almost extend to the bed, with high ILCI and high basal roughness of the corresponding bed topography. There are three kinds of basal roughness patterns along the traverse, that is, \u201clow \u03bet low \u03b7\u201d, \u201clow \u03bet high \u03b7\u201d, and \u201chigh \u03bet high \u03b7\u201d, where \u03bet represents the amplitude of the undulations, and quantifies the vertical variation of the bedrock, and \u03b7 measures the frequency variation of fluctuations and the horizontal irregularity of the profile. The characteristics of internal layers and basal topography of the traverse between Zhongshan Station and Dome A provide new information for understanding the ancient ice-flow activity and the historical evolution of EAIS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Radar-Derived Internal Structure and Basal Roughness Characterization along a Traverse from Zhongshan Station to Dome A, East Antarctica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6660-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Jingxue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Survey Science and Engineering, College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangbin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}]},{"given":"Xueyuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17447","article-title":"Repeated large-scale retreat and advance of Totten Glacier indicated by inland bed erosion","volume":"533","author":"AitkeniD","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25026","article-title":"Initiation and long-term instability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet","volume":"552","author":"Gulick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL057928","article-title":"Isochronous information in a Greenland ice sheet radio echo sounding data set","volume":"41","author":"Sime","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. 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