{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T18:12:46Z","timestamp":1783188766931,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial urban growth and its impact on land surface temperature (LST) is a high priority environmental issue for urban policy. Although the impact of horizontal spatial growth of cities on LST is well studied, the impact of the vertical spatial distribution of buildings on LST is under-investigated. This is particularly true for cities in sub-tropical developing countries. In this study, TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement (TanDEM-XDEM), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection (ASTER)-Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM), and ALOS World 3D-30m (AW3D30) based Digital Surface Model (DSM) data were used to investigate the vertical growth of the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) in Bangladesh. Thermal Infrared (TIR) data (10.6-11.2\u00b5m) of Landsat-8 were used to investigate the seasonal variations in LST. Thereafter, the impact of horizontal and vertical spatial growth on LST was studied. The result showed that: (a) TanDEM-X DSM derived building height had a higher accuracy as compared to other existing DSM that reveals mean building height of the Dhaka city is approximately 10 m, (b) built-up areas were estimated to cover approximately 94%, 88%, and 44% in Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC), Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC), and Fringe areas, respectively, of DMA using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method, (c) the built-up showed a strong relationship with LST (Kendall tau coefficient of 0.625 in summer and 0.483 in winter) in comparison to vertical growth (Kendall tau coefficient of 0.156 in the summer and 0.059 in the winter), and (d) the \u2018low height-high density\u2019 areas showed high LST in both seasons. This study suggests that vertical development is better than horizontal development for providing enough open spaces, green spaces, and preserving natural features. This study provides city planners with a better understating of sustainable urban planning and can promote the formulation of action plans for appropriate urban development policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T03:40:19Z","timestamp":1586403619000},"page":"1191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Monitoring Effect of Spatial Growth on Land Surface Temperature in Dhaka"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Md. Mustafizur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3653-5771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram","family":"Avtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali P.","family":"Yunus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5930-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0180-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakhar","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9138-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wataru","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, 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