{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:18:03Z","timestamp":1782494283997,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are a significant number of image processing methods that have been developed during the past decades for detecting anomalous areas, such as hydrothermal alteration zones, using satellite images. Among these methods, dimensionality reduction or transformation techniques are known to be a robust type of methods, which are helpful, as they reduce the extent of a study area at the initial stage of mineral exploration. Principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), and minimum noise fraction (MNF) are the dimensionality reduction techniques known as multivariate statistical methods that convert a set of observed and correlated input variables into uncorrelated or independent components. In this study, these techniques were comprehensively compared and integrated, to show how they could be jointly applied in remote sensing data analysis for mapping hydrothermal alteration zones associated with epithermal Cu\u2013Au deposits in the Toroud-Chahshirin range, Central Iran. These techniques were applied on specific subsets of the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) spectral bands for mapping gossans and hydrothermal alteration zones, such as argillic, propylitic, and phyllic zones. The fuzzy logic model was used for integrating the most rational thematic layers derived from the transformation techniques, which led to an efficient remote sensing evidential layer for mineral prospectivity mapping. The results showed that ICA was a more robust technique for generating hydrothermal alteration thematic layers, compared to the other dimensionality reduction techniques. The capabilities of this technique in separating source signals from noise led to improved enhancement of geological features, such as specific alteration zones. In this investigation, several previously unmapped prospective zones were detected using the integrated hydrothermal alteration map and most of the known hydrothermal mineral occurrences showed a high prospectivity value. Fieldwork and laboratory analysis were conducted to validate the results and to verify new prospective zones in the study area, which indicated a good consistency with the remote sensing output. This study demonstrated that the integration of remote sensing-based alteration thematic layers derived from the transformation techniques is a reliable and low-cost approach for mineral prospectivity mapping in metallogenic provinces, at the reconnaissance stage of mineral exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T13:01:39Z","timestamp":1587042099000},"page":"1261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Integration of Selective Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Mineral Exploration Using ASTER Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hodjat","family":"Shirmard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 143995-7131, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2618-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Farahbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 159163-4311, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Beiranvand Pour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8421-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidy M","family":"Muslim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Dietmar","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohitash","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2113\/econgeo.106.8.1399","article-title":"Evidence for magmatic-hydrothermal fluids and ore-forming processes in epithermal and porphyry deposits of the Baguio District, Philippines","volume":"106","author":"Cooke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1144\/SP402.5","article-title":"Hydrothermal fluids in epithermal and porphyry Au deposits in the Central Slovakia Volcanic Field","volume":"402","author":"Lexa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2017.06.028","article-title":"Hydrothermal alteration and fluid pH in alkaline-hosted epithermal systems","volume":"89","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ore. Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/rge.12136","article-title":"Characteristics and behavior of hydrothermal fluids for gold mineralization at the Hishikari Deposits, Kyushu, Japan","volume":"67","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. Geol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2018.04.011","article-title":"Predicting rock type and detecting hydrothermal alteration using machine learning and petrophysical properties of the Canadian Malartic ore and host rocks, Pontiac Subprovince, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada","volume":"96","author":"Olivo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathieu, L. (2018). Quantifying hydrothermal alteration: A review of methods. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8070245"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00126-018-0829-x","article-title":"Expanding the size of multi-parameter metasomatic footprints in gold exploration: Utilization of mafic dykes in the Canadian Malartic district, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada","volume":"54","author":"Perrouty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Miner. Depos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/00288306.2019.1577278","article-title":"Hydrothermal alteration mineralogical footprints for New Zealand epithermal Au-Ag deposits","volume":"62","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.98.5.1019","article-title":"Mapping hydrothermally altered rocks at Cuprite, Nevada, using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), a new satellite-imaging system","volume":"98","author":"Rowan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"112","article-title":"Multi- and hyperspectral geologic remote sensing: A review","volume":"14","author":"Hecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beiranvand Pour, A., S Park, T.-Y., Park, Y., Hong, J.K., M Muslim, A., L\u00e4ufer, A., Crispini, L., Pradhan, B., Zoheir, B., and Rahmani, O. (2019). Landsat-8, advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer, and WorldView-3 multispectral satellite imagery for prospecting copper-gold mineralization in the Northeastern Inglefield Mobile Belt (IMB), Northwest Greenland. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202430"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1977)5<713:MOHAIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mapping of hydrothermal alteration in the Cuprite mining district, Nevada, using aircraft scanner images for the spectral region 0.46 to 2.36 \u00b5m","volume":"5","author":"Abrams","year":"1977","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.78.4.591","article-title":"Remote sensing for porphyry copper deposits in southern Arizona","volume":"78","author":"Abrams","year":"1983","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00127-X","article-title":"Lithologic mapping in the Mountain Pass, California area using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data","volume":"84","author":"Rowan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"227","article-title":"Spaceborne and airborne remote sensing systems for mineral exploration-case histories using infrared spectroscopy","volume":"33","author":"Perry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infrared Spectrosc. Geochem. Explor. Geochem. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1130\/GES00044.1","article-title":"Regional mapping of phyllic- and argillic-altered rocks in the Zagros magmatic arc, Iran, using advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) data and logical operator algorithms","volume":"2","author":"Mars","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2006.05.004","article-title":"Hydrothermal alteration mapping using ASTER data in the Infiernillo porphyry deposit, Argentina","volume":"32","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2017.07.018","article-title":"Lithological and alteration mineral mapping in poorly exposed lithologies using Landsat-8 and ASTER satellite data: North-eastern Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"108","author":"Hashim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2018.1469548","article-title":"Integration of SPOT-5 and ASTER satellite data for structural tracing and hydrothermal alteration mineral mapping: Implications for Cu\u2013Au prospecting","volume":"9","author":"Ahmadirouhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fusion"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.01.035","article-title":"Mapping hydrothermal alteration zones and lineaments associated with orogenic gold mineralization using ASTER data: A case study from the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Iran","volume":"63","author":"Sheikhrahimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sp. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beiranvand Pour, A., Park, Y., Crispini, L., L\u00e4ufer, A., Kuk Hong, J., Park, T.-Y.S., Zoheir, B., Pradhan, B., Muslim, A.M., and Hossain, M.S. (2019). Mapping listvenite occurrences in the damage zones of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica using ASTER satellite remote sensing data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121408"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolouki, S.M., Ramazi, H.R., Maghsoudi, A., Beiranvand Pour, A., and Sohrabi, G. (2020). A remote sensing-based application of Bayesian networks for epithermal gold potential mapping in Ahar-Arasbaran area, NW Iran. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010105"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000152291","article-title":"Targeting key alteration minerals in epithermal deposits in Patagonia, Argentina, using ASTER imagery and principal component analysis","volume":"24","author":"Azevedo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"7657","article-title":"Application of advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) data in geological mapping","volume":"6","author":"Hashim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-015-0516-7","article-title":"Fusing ASTER and QuickBird-2 satellite data for detailed investigation of porphyry copper deposits using PCA; case study of Naysian deposit, Iran","volume":"44","author":"Farahbakhsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1440723","article-title":"Discrimination of hydrothermally altered and unaltered rocks in visible and near infrared multispectral images","volume":"42","author":"Rowan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.78.4.573","article-title":"Remote sensing for exploration; an overview","volume":"78","author":"Goetz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Boardman, J.W., and Kruse, F.A. (1994). Automated spectral analysis: A geological example using AVIRIS data, north Grapevine Mountains, Nevada. Proceedings of the 10th Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.812908","article-title":"Comparison of airborne hyperspectral data and EO-1 Hyperion for mineral mapping","volume":"41","author":"Kruse","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903586799","article-title":"Mapping evaporate minerals by ASTER","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Testa, F.J., Villanueva, C., Cooke, D.R., and Zhang, L. (2018). Lithological and hydrothermal alteration mapping of epithermal, porphyry and tourmaline breccia districts in the Argentine Andes using ASTER imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020203"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168508948511","article-title":"Standardized principal components","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(93)90090-R","article-title":"Principal components analysis (PCA)","volume":"19","author":"Ratajczak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308953962","article-title":"A comparative analysis of standardised and unstandardised Principal Components Analysis in remote sensing","volume":"14","author":"Eklundh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J.G., and Mason, P.J. (2009). Essential Image Processing and GIS for Remote Sensing, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118687963"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Principal component analysis for alteration mapping","volume":"57","author":"Loughlin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.04.004","article-title":"Lithologic and mineral information extraction for gold exploration using ASTER data in the south Chocolate Mountains (California)","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2011.09.009","article-title":"The application of ASTER remote sensing data to porphyry copper and epithermal gold deposits","volume":"44","author":"Pour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"871","article-title":"Study on independent component analysis\u2019 application in classification and change detection of multispectral images","volume":"37","author":"Benlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2018.1434684","article-title":"Evaluation of ICA and CEM algorithms with Landsat-8\/ASTER data for geological mapping in inaccessible regions","volume":"34","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Beiranvand Pour, A., Park, T.S., Park, Y., Hong, J.K., and Pradhan, B. (August, January 28). Fusion of DPCA and ICA algorithms for mineral detection using Landsat-8 spectral bands. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/36.3001","article-title":"A transformation for ordering multispectral data in terms of image quality with implications for noise removal","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"23","article-title":"Mapping target signatures via partial unmixing of AVIRIS data","volume":"1","author":"Boardman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Summ. 5 Annu. JPL Airborne Geosci. Work."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010003857","article-title":"The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos, Greece using an integrated remote sensing dataset","volume":"23","author":"Ferrier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-010-0027-8","article-title":"Use of spectral analysis for detection of alterations in ETM data, Yazd, Iran","volume":"2","author":"Poormirzaee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Geomatics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-012-0229-0","article-title":"Hydrothermal alteration mapping using ASTER data for reconnaissance porphyry copper mineralization in the Ahar area, NW Iran","volume":"41","author":"Pazand","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.99.4.691","article-title":"The Gandy and Abolhassani epithermal prospects in the Alborz magmatic arc, Semnan province, Northern Iran","volume":"99","author":"Shamanian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-3707(95)00009-7","article-title":"Tectonostratigraphic synthesis and structural style of the Alborz mountain system in Northern Iran","volume":"21","author":"Alavi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"20","article-title":"Hydrothermal gold deposits: Distribution, geological-genetic types, and productivity of ore-forming systems","volume":"39","author":"Safonov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geol. Ore Depos."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Eshraghi, S.A., and Jalali, A. (2006). Moaleman (1:100,000) Geological Map, Geological Survey of Iran."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran, B., Justice, C.O., and Abrams, M.J. (2010). Land Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change: NASA\u2019s Earth Observing System and the Science of ASTER and MODIS, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6749-7"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.11.021","article-title":"Lithologic mapping of the Mordor, NT, Australia ultramafic complex by using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)","volume":"99","author":"Rowan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Fujisada, H. (1995, January 15). Design and performance of ASTER instrument. Proceedings of the Advanced and Next-Generation Satellites, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210326","article-title":"The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER): Data products for the high spatial resolution imager on NASA\u2019s Terra platform","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.42.4.319","article-title":"Hydrothermal alteration in the \u201cporphyry copper\u201d deposits","volume":"42","author":"Schwartz","year":"1947","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploration implications of hydrothermal alteration associated with epithermal Au-Ag deposits","volume":"2006","author":"Gemmell","year":"2006","journal-title":"ASEG Ext. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2113\/econgeo.106.6.945","article-title":"Hydrothermal alteration and veins at the epithermal Au-Ag deposits and prospects of the Waitekauri Area, Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand","volume":"106","author":"Simpson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizadeh Sevari, B., and Hezarkhani, A. (2014). Fluid evolution of the magmatic hydrothermal porphyry copper deposit based on fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies at Darrehzar, Iran. ISRN Geol.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/865941"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2019, October 17). US Geological Survey EarthExplorer, Available online: https:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Duda, K., and Daucsavage, J. (2019, November 09). ASTER Level 1T User Guide, Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/documents\/262\/ASTER_User_Handbook_v2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2019, November 09). L3Harris Geospatial ENVI v5.3.1. Available online: https:\/\/www.harrisgeospatial.com\/Software-Technology\/ENVI."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440109462720","article-title":"On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space","volume":"2","author":"Pearson","year":"1901","journal-title":"Philos. Mag. Ser. 6"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1037\/h0071325","article-title":"Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components","volume":"24","author":"Hotelling","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Jolliffe, I.T. (2002). Principal Component Analysis, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2014.11.013","article-title":"A comparative study of independent component analysis with principal component analysis in geological objects identification, Part I: Simulations","volume":"149","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geochemical Explor."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2019.1674462","article-title":"Computer vision-based framework for extracting tectonic lineaments from optical remote sensing data","volume":"41","author":"Farahbakhsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/5.554205","article-title":"An introduction to multisensor data fusion","volume":"Volume 85","author":"Hall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013515","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2757707","article-title":"Hyperspectral data noise characterization using principle component analysis: Application to the atmospheric infrared sounder","volume":"1","author":"Tobin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(03)00016-9","article-title":"Overview of independent component analysis technique with an application to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery processing","volume":"16","author":"Fiori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1109\/72.761722","article-title":"Fast and robust fixed-point algorithms for independent component analysis","volume":"10","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2007.911747","article-title":"Complex ICA by Negentropy Maximization","volume":"19","author":"Novey","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Chiang, S.S., Chang, C.I., and Ginsberg, I.W. (2000, January 24\u201328). Unsupervised hyperspectral image analysis using independent component analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1139\/e05-064","article-title":"Mapping lithology in Canada\u2019s Arctic: Application of hyperspectral data using the minimum noise fraction transformation and matched filtering","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Wise, R., Livo, E., Hoefen, T., Kokaly, R., and Sutley, S.J. (2007). USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a.","DOI":"10.3133\/ds231"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35840\/2631-5033\/1819","article-title":"Important of gossans in mineral exploration: A case study in Northern Turkey","volume":"4","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Earth Sci. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6742(94)90013-2","article-title":"The separation of geochemical anomalies from background by fractal methods","volume":"51","author":"Cheng","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geochemical Explor."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2015.10.008","article-title":"Data-driven logistic-based weighting of geochemical and geological evidence layers in mineral prospectivity mapping","volume":"164","author":"Yousefi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0952.2000.00821.x","article-title":"Using fuzzy logic in a geographic information system environment to enhance conceptually based prospectivity analysis of Mississippi Valley-type mineralisation","volume":"47","author":"Groves","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-014-0151-9","article-title":"Fuzzy logic modeling for hydrothermal gold mineralization mapping using geochemical, geological, ASTER imageries and other geo-data, a case study in Central Alborz, Iran","volume":"8","author":"Moradi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Informatics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2016.12.011","article-title":"Application of fuzzy logic and fuzzy AHP to mineral prospectivity mapping of porphyry and hydrothermal vein copper deposits in the Dananhu-Tousuquan island arc, Xinjiang, NW China","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. African Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1144\/1467-7873\/10-MINDEP-052","article-title":"Mass changes during hydrothermal alteration associated with gold mineralization in the Astaneh granitoid rocks, western Iran","volume":"12","author":"Esmaeily","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochem. Explor. Environ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2018.04.006","article-title":"The role of hydrothermal alteration in tungsten mineralization at the Dahutang tungsten deposit, South China","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00126-006-0054-x","article-title":"An intrusion-related origin for Cu\u2013Au mineralization in iron oxide\u2013copper\u2013gold (IOCG) provinces","volume":"41","author":"Pollard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Miner. Depos."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2018.09.020","article-title":"Element transport and enrichment during propylitic alteration in Paleozoic porphyry Cu mineralization systems: Insights from chlorite chemistry","volume":"102","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"398","article-title":"Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modeling with GIS","volume":"13","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Geosci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.03.007","article-title":"Prediction-area (P-A) plot and C-A fractal analysis to classify and evaluate evidential maps for mineral prospectivity modeling","volume":"79","author":"Yousefi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.06.1.p031","article-title":"An introduction to independent component analysis: InfoMax and FastICA algorithms","volume":"6","author":"Langlois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tutor. Quant. Methods Psychol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111630","article-title":"Explaining the unsuitability of the kappa coefficient in the assessment and comparison of the accuracy of thematic maps obtained by image classification","volume":"239","author":"Foody","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"917","article-title":"A comparison between knowledge-driven fuzzy and data-driven artificial neural network approaches for prospecting porphyry Cu mineralization; A case study of Shahr-e-Babak area, Kerman Province, SE Iran","volume":"9","author":"Hezarkhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Min. Environ."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"De Smith, M.J., Goodchild, M.F., and Longley, P. (2007). Geospatial Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide to Principles, Techniques and Software Tools, Troubador Publishing Ltd."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/8\/1261\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:21:16Z","timestamp":1760361676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/8\/1261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12081261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12081261","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]}}}