{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:36:41Z","timestamp":1777441001495,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA CERES Project","award":["652528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["652528"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF) data product uses a diurnal correction methodology to produce a shortwave (SW) top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative flux time series that accounts for diurnal cycle changes between CERES observation times while ensuring that the stability of the EBAF record is tied as closely as possible to CERES instrument calibration stability. The current EBAF Ed4.1 data product combines observations from Terra and Aqua after July 2002. However, the Terra satellite will start to drift in Mean Local Time (MLT) in early 2021, and Aqua\u2019s MLT will start to drift in 2022. To ensure the EBAF record remains temporally stable, we explore the feasibility of using only CERES instruments from afternoon satellite orbits with a tight 1330 MLT after July 2002. We test this approach by directly comparing SW TOA fluxes generated after applying diurnal corrections to Aqua-only and to Terra + Aqua for 07\/2002\u201306\/2019. We find that global climatological mean SW TOA fluxes for these two cases are within 0.01 Wm\u22122 and the trend of the difference is &lt; is 0.03 Wm\u22122 per decade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T04:49:38Z","timestamp":1587444578000},"page":"1280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["CERES Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF) from Afternoon-Only Satellite Orbits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Norman G.","family":"Loeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Langley Research Center, NASA, Mail Stop 420, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Doelling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Langley Research Center, NASA, Mail Stop 420, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2013). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0208.1","article-title":"Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF) Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) Edition-4.0 Data Product","volume":"31","author":"Loeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0523.1","article-title":"Surface Irradiances of Edition 4.0 Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF) Data Product","volume":"31","author":"Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00136.1","article-title":"Geostationary Enhanced Temporal Interpolation for CERES Flux Products","volume":"30","author":"Doelling","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3043","article-title":"Improving estimates of Earth\u2019s energy imbalance","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2003)042<0240:ADMFTO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Angular Distribution Models for Top-of-Atmosphere Radiative Flux Estimation from the Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite. Part I: Methodology","volume":"42","author":"Loeb","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-611-2015","article-title":"Next-generation angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux calculation from CERES instruments: Methodology","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Measure. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doelling, D.R., Haney, C., Bhatt, R., Scarino, B., and Gopalan, A. (2018). Geostationary Visible Imager Calibration for the CERES SYN1deg Edition 4 Product. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020288"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loeb, N.G., Thorsen, T.J., Norris, J.R., Wang, H., and Su, W. (2018). Changes in Earth\u2019s Energy Budget during and after the \u201cPause\u201d in Global Warming: An Observational Perspective. Climate, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/cli6030062"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063306","article-title":"Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific: 2014 WARM ANOMALY IN THE NE PACIFIC","volume":"42","author":"Bond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loeb, N.G., Wang, H., Allan, R.P., Andrews, T., Armour, K.C., Cole, J.N.S., Dufresne, J.-L., Gettelman, A., Guo, H., and Mauritsen, T. (2019). New Generation of Climate Models Track Recent Unprecedented Changes in Earth\u2019s Radiation Budget Observed by CERES. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL086705"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loeb, N., Manalo-Smith, N., Su, W., Shankar, M., and Thomas, S. (2016). CERES Top-of-Atmosphere Earth Radiation Budget Climate Data Record: Accounting for in-Orbit Changes in Instrument Calibration. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030182"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/8\/1280\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:45:04Z","timestamp":1760363104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/8\/1280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12081280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12081280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]}}}