{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T14:42:39Z","timestamp":1781707359637,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":383,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012165","name":"Alberta Environment and Parks","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18GRAEM-24-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18GRAEM-24-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The following review is the second part of a two part series on the use of remotely sensed data for quantifying wetland extent and inferring or measuring condition for monitoring drivers of change on wetland environments. In the first part, we introduce policy makers and non-users of remotely sensed data with an effective feasibility guide on how data can be used. In the current review, we explore the more technical aspects of remotely sensed data processing and analysis using case studies within the literature. Here we describe: (a) current technologies used for wetland assessment and monitoring; (b) the latest algorithmic developments for wetland assessment; (c) new technologies; and (d) a framework for wetland sampling in support of remotely sensed data collection. Results illustrate that high or fine spatial resolution pixels (\u226410 m) are critical for identifying wetland boundaries and extent, and wetland class, form and type, but are not required for all wetland sizes. Average accuracies can be up to 11% better (on average) than medium resolution (11\u201330 m) data pixels when compared with field validation. Wetland size is also a critical factor such that large wetlands may be almost as accurately classified using medium-resolution data (average = 76% accuracy, stdev = 21%). Decision-tree and machine learning algorithms provide the most accurate wetland classification methods currently available, however, these also require sampling of all permutations of variability. Hydroperiod accuracy, which is dependent on instantaneous water extent for single time period datasets does not vary greatly with pixel resolution when compared with field data (average = 87%, 86%) for high and medium resolution pixels, respectively. The results of this review provide users with a guideline for optimal use of remotely sensed data and suggested field methods for boreal and global wetland studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T02:10:52Z","timestamp":1587607852000},"page":"1321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Remote Sensing of Boreal Wetlands 2: Methods for Evaluating Boreal Wetland Ecosystem State and Drivers of Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8062-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Chasmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environment, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Mahoney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Environment and Parks, 9th Floor, 9888 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 5C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koreen","family":"Millard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailyn","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environment, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1619-7621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ducks Unlimited Canada, Boreal Program, 17504 111 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Hopkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environment, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Brisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, 560 Rochester St, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Niemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Environment and Parks, 9th Floor, 9888 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 5C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Devito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, University of Alberta 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Cobbaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Environment and Parks, 9th Floor, 9888 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 5C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (2018). 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