{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T21:58:55Z","timestamp":1774043935041,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17H03492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H03492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003050","name":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["International collaboration project for energy technologies"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["International collaboration project for energy technologies"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A wind measurement campaign using a single scanning light detection and ranging (LiDAR) device was conducted at the Hazaki Oceanographical Research Station (HORS) on the Hazaki coast of Japan to evaluate the performance of the device for coastal wind measurements. The scanning LiDAR was deployed on the landward end of the HORS pier. We compared the wind speed and direction data recorded by the scanning LiDAR to the observations obtained from a vertical profiling LiDAR installed at the opposite end of the pier, 400 m from the scanning LiDAR. The best practice for offshore wind measurements using a single scanning LiDAR was evaluated by comparing results from a total of nine experiments using several different scanning settings. A two-parameter velocity volume processing (VVP) method was employed to retrieve the horizontal wind speed and direction from the radial wind speed. Our experiment showed that, at the current offshore site with a negligibly small vertical wind speed component, the accuracy of the scanning LiDAR wind speeds and directions was sensitive to the azimuth angle setting, but not to the elevation angle setting. In addition to the validations for the 10-minute mean wind speeds and directions, the application of LiDARs for the measurement of the turbulence intensity (TI) was also discussed by comparing the results with observations obtained from a sonic anemometer, mounted at the seaward end of the HORS pier, 400 m from the scanning LiDAR. The standard deviation obtained from the scanning LiDAR measurement showed a greater fluctuation than that obtained from the sonic anemometer measurement. However, the difference between the scanning LiDAR and sonic measurements appeared to be within an acceptable range for the wind turbine design. We discuss the variations in data availability and accuracy based on an analysis of the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) distribution and the goodness of fit for curve fitting via the VVP method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T11:42:14Z","timestamp":1587728534000},"page":"1347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Coastal Wind Measurements Using a Single Scanning LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9941-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susumu","family":"Shimada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Koriyama 963-0298, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2429-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay Prakash","family":"Goit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Koriyama 963-0298, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teruo","family":"Ohsawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 658-0022, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Kogaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Koriyama 963-0298, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal and Estuarin Environment Division, Port and Airport Research Institute, Yokosuka 239-0826, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) (2019). 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