{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:17:12Z","timestamp":1782364632688,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701375, 41571416, 61661136003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701375, 41571416, 61661136003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Key Technologies of Research and Development Program","award":["2016YFD0300603-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0300603-5"]}]},{"name":"the European Space Agency (ESA) and Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST) Dragon","award":["32275-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32275-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Industrialization production with high quality and effect on winter is an important measure for accelerating the shift from increasing agricultural production to improving quality in terms of grain protein content (GPC). Remote sensing technology achieved the GPC prediction. However, large deviations in interannual expansion and regional transfer still exist. The present experiment was carried out in wheat producing areas of Beijing (BJ), Renqiu (RQ), Quzhou, and Jinzhou in Hebei Province. First, the spectral consistency of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (LS8) and RapidEye (RE) was compared with Sentinel-2 (S2) satellites at the same ground point in the same period. The GPC prediction model was constructed by coupling the vegetation index with the meteorological data obtained by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts using hierarchical linear model (HLM) method. The prediction and spatial expansion of regional GPC were validated. Results were as follows: (1) Spectral information calculated from S2 imagery were highly consistent with LS8 (R2 = 1.00) and RE (R2 = 0.99) imagery, which could be jointly used for GPC modeling. (2) The predicted GPC by using the HLM method (R2 = 0.524) demonstrated higher accuracy than the empirical linear model (R2 = 0.286) and showed higher improvements across inter-annual and regional scales. (3) The GPC prediction results of the verification samples in RQ, BJ, Xiaotangshan (XTS) in 2018, and XTS in 2019 were ideal with root mean square errors of 0.61%, 1.13%, 0.91%, and 0.38%, and relative root mean square error of 4.11%, 6.83%, 6.41%, and 2.58%, respectively. This study has great application potential for regional and inter-annual quality prediction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T10:30:58Z","timestamp":1588069858000},"page":"1349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Prediction of Wheat Grain Protein by Coupling Multisource Remote Sensing Imagery and ECMWF Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"},{"name":"Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"},{"name":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"},{"name":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guijun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2720-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuliang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohe","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3091-7680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Casa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAFNE Universit\u00e0 della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9878-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Wang, J., Liu, C., Song, X., Xu, X., and Li, Z. 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