{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T10:17:44Z","timestamp":1780654664923,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Norway","award":["No grant number - R&D funds 2017."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant number - R&D funds 2017."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of large-scale, high-resolution ground-penetrating radar surveys has increasingly become a part of Norwegian cultural heritage management as a complementary method to trial trenching surveys to detect and delineate archaeological sites. The aim of this article is to collect, interpret and compare large-scale, high-resolution ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey data with results from trial trenching and subsequent large-scale excavations, and to extract descriptive and spatial statistics on detection rates and precision for both evaluation methods. This, in turn, is used to assess the advantages and disadvantages of both conventional, intrusive methods and large-scale GPR surveys. Neither method proved to be flawless, and while the trial trenching had a better overall detection rate, organic and charcoal rich features were nearly just as easily detected by both methods. Similarly, the spatial representability was similar, even though the total detection rates were lower with the GPR. This can be used as an argument in advance of integrating full-coverage GPR results into a site evaluation scheme, preferably in combination with other methods. Overall, these analyses have highlighted drawbacks and possibilities in both methods that are important contributions in understanding how to use them and integrate them in future site evaluations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T13:23:45Z","timestamp":1588166625000},"page":"1408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Effectiveness of Large-Scale, High-Resolution Ground-Penetrating Radar Surveys and Trial Trenching for Archaeological Site Evaluations\u2014A Comparative Study from Two Sites in Norway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Gustavsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Archaeology, Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, Storgata 2, 0105 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8921-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arne Anderson","family":"Stamnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, The NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silje Elisabeth","family":"Fretheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, The NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Erik","family":"Gjerpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, Museum of Cultural History, Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, Storgata 2, 0105 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Nau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Archaeology, Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, Storgata 2, 0105 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"M.O.C.A. (1978). Cultural Heritage Act\u2014Act of 9 June 1978 NO.50 Concerning the Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Climate and Environment."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Kapittel II\u2014Automatisk fredete kulturminner","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Holme","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kulturminnervern\u2014Lov, Forvaltning, H\u00e5ndhevelse Bind II. Kulturminneloven Med Kommentarer"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kahn, M. (2007). L\u00e6rebok i Kulturminnerett, Tapir Akademisk Forlag."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"L\u00f8ken, T., Pil\u00f8, L., and Hemdorff, O. (1996). Maskinell Flateavdekking og Utgraving av Forhistoriske Jordbruksboplasser: En Metodisk Innf\u00f8ring, Arkeologisk Museum and Stavanger."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"H\u00f8gest\u00f8l, M., Selsing, L., L\u00f8ken, T., N\u00e6r\u00f8y, A.J., and Pr\u00f8sc-Danielsen, L. (2005). Konstruksjon og Byggeskikk. Maskinell Flateavdekking\u2014Metodikk, Tolkning og Forvaltning, Arkeologisk Museum and Stavanger."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"299","article-title":"The land of milk and honey? Rescue archaeology in Norway","volume":"2","author":"Iversen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Post Class. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.04.036","article-title":"Predicting the preservation of cultural artefacts and buried materials in soil","volume":"529","author":"Kibblewhite","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bjerk, H.B. (2008). Prosjekterfaringer. NTNU Vitenskapsmuseets Arkeologiske Unders\u00f8kelser Ormen Lange Nyhamna, Tapir Akademisk Forlag."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"135","article-title":"Administrative erfaringer","volume":"Volume 74","author":"Gjerpe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kulturhistoriske, Metodiske og Administrative Erfaringer. E18-Prosjektet i Vestfold Bind 4"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1599","article-title":"Large-area high-resolution ground-penetrating radar measurements for archaeological prospection","volume":"25","author":"Trinks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1598","article-title":"Geophysics and preventive archaeology: Comparison with trial trenching on the CSNE project (France)","volume":"25","author":"Hulin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinks, I., Neubauer, W., and Doneus, M. (2012). Prospecting Archaeological Landscapes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34234-9_3"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1481","article-title":"First high-resolution GPR and magnetic archaeological prospection at the Viking age settlement of birka in Sweden","volume":"21","author":"Trinks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1422","article-title":"The stonehenge hidden landscapes project","volume":"19","author":"Gaffney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1576","article-title":"Large-scale geophysical archaeological prospection pilot study at Viking Age and medieval sites in west Jutland, Denmark","volume":"24","author":"Filzwieser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Stamnes, A.A. (2016). The Application of geophysical methods in Norwegian archaeology: A study of the status, role and potential of geophysical methods in Norwegian archaeological research and cultural heritage management. [Ph.D. Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)]."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"17","article-title":"Archaeological use of geophysical methods in Norwegian cultural heritage management\u2014A review","volume":"Volume 2588","author":"Posluschny","year":"2014","journal-title":"A Sense of the Past. Studies in Current Archaeological Applications of Remote Sensing and Non-Invasive Prospection Methods. BAR International Series"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Johnson, J.K. (2006). Ground truthing the results of geophysical surveys. Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly NorthAmerican Perspective, University of Alabama Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamermans, H., Gojda, M., and Posluschny, A.G. (2014). A Decade of ground truthing: Reappraising magnetometer prospecting surveys on linear corridors in light of excavation evidence 2001\u20132010. A Sense of the Past. Studies in Current Archaeological Applications of Remote Sensing and Non-Invasive Prospection Methods, Archaopress.","DOI":"10.30861\/9781407312163"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, V.D., DePratter, C.B., Lulewicz, J., Lulewicz, I.H., Roberts Thompson, A.D., Cramb, J., Ritchison, B.T., and Colvin, M.H. (2018). The archaeology and remote sensing of santa Elena\u2019s four millennia of occupation. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020248"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2009.04.010","article-title":"The design of effective and efficient trial trenching strategies for discovering archaeological sites","volume":"36","author":"Verhagen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Stamnes, A.A., and Gustavsen, L. (2018). Avgrensning av Kulturminner i Dyrkamark. Metodevalg og Forvaltningsimplikasjoner, NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet, Institutt for arkeologi og kulturhistorie."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"NGU (2017). Database for L\u00f8smassegeologi, NGU (Norges geologiske unders\u00f8kelse\/Geological Survey of Norway)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"NIBIO (2019). Kilden, NIBIO (Norsk institutt for bio\u00f8konomi\/Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"H\u00e5rstad, S. (2016). Arkeologiske Registreringer i Forbindelse Med E6 Melhus Reguleringsplan R\u00f8skaft-Skjerdingstad, S\u00f8r-Tr\u00f8ndelag County Council."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Fretheim, S., and Henriksen, M.M. (2019). Arkeologisk Unders\u00f8kelse av Bosetningsspor p\u00e5 \u00d8ya, E6 R\u00f8skaft-Skjeringstad, Melhus Kommune, Tr\u00f8ndelag, NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet, Seksjon for Arkeologi og Kulturhistorie."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kjos, O.A.I. (2016). Arkeologisk Registrering. Dobbeltsporprosjektet, Sandbukta-Moss-S\u00e5stad. Sak: 13\/10294, Kulturminneseksjonen, \u00d8stfold fylkeskommune."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"31","article-title":"G\u00e5rder fra bronse- og jernalder\u2014Forel\u00f8pige resultater fra dobbeltspor dilling","volume":"19","author":"Winther","year":"2017","journal-title":"Primit. Tider"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirch, W. (2008). Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient. Encyclopedia of Public Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5614-7"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1990). Richard Taylor; Interpretation of the Correlation Coefficient: A Basic Review. J. Diagn. Med. Sonogr., 6, 35\u201339.","DOI":"10.1177\/875647939000600106"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2019.211","article-title":"Halls at borre: The discovery of three large buildings at a late iron and viking Age royal burial site in Norway","volume":"94","author":"Tonning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Fredriksen, C., and Stamnes, A.A. (2019). Geofysiske Unders\u00f8kelser og Sosialt Metalls\u00f8k p\u00e5 L\u00f8ykja, Sunndal Kommune, M\u00f8re og Romsdal NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet, Institutt for arkeologi og kulturhistorie."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1726","article-title":"Sem: A Viking age metalworking site in the southeast of Norway?","volume":"26","author":"Gustavsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1589","article-title":"Archaeological prospection of a specialized cooking-pit site at Lunde in Vestfold, Norway","volume":"25","author":"Gustavsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"L\u00f8kka, N. (2016). Kulturarv i Vestfold. Effektivisert Kulturminneforvaltning for Regionen, Telemarksforskning."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/9\/1408\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:09:27Z","timestamp":1760364567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/9\/1408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12091408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12091408","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]}}}