{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T19:11:46Z","timestamp":1771614706209,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41774030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41774030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hubei Province Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018CFA081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CFA081"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the development of new constellations including Galileo, BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) have undergone dramatic changes. Since January 2018, about 30 satellites of the new constellations have been launched and most of the new satellites have been included in the precise orbit and clock products provided by the Multi Global Navigation Satellite System (Multi-GNSS) Experiment (MGEX). Meanwhile, critical issues including antenna parameters, yaw-attitude models and solar radiation pressure models have been continuously refined for these new constellations and updated into precise MGEX orbit determination and precise clock estimation solutions. In this context, MGEX products since 2018 are herein assessed by orbit and clock comparisons among individual analysis centers (ACs), satellite laser ranging (SLR) validation and precise point positioning (PPP) solutions. Orbit comparisons showed 3D agreements of 3\u20135 cm for Galileo, 8\u20139 cm for BDS-2 inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO), 12\u201318 cm for BDS-2 medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites, 24 cm for BDS-3 MEO and 11\u201316 cm for QZSS IGSO satellites. SLR validations demonstrated an orbit accuracy of about 3\u20134 cm for Galileo and BDS-2 MEO, 5\u20136 cm for BDS-2 IGSO, 4\u20136 cm for BDS-3 MEO and 5\u201310 cm for QZSS IGSO satellites. Clock products from different ACs generally had a consistency of 0.1\u20130.3 ns for Galileo, 0.2\u20130.5 ns for BDS IGSO\/MEO and 0.2\u20130.4 ns for QZSS satellites. The positioning errors of kinematic PPP in Galileo-only mode were about 17\u201319 mm in the north, 13\u201316 mm in the east and 74\u201381 mm in the up direction, respectively. As for BDS-only PPP, positioning accuracies of about 14, 14 and 49 mm could be achieved in kinematic mode with products from Wuhan University applied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1588600843000},"page":"1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Precise Orbit and Clock Products of Galileo, BDS and QZSS from MGEX Since 2018: Comparison and PPP Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Gege","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Stra\u00dfe des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Montenbruck, O., Steigenberger, P., Khachikyan, R., Weber, G., Langley, R.B., Mervart, L., and Hugentobler, U. (2013, January 4\u20136). IGS-MGEX: Preparing the Ground for Multi-Constellation GNSS Science. Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium on Scientific and Fundamental Aspects of the Galileo System, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-016-0968-8","article-title":"CODE\u2019s five-system orbit and clock solution\u2014the challenges of multi-GNSS data analysis","volume":"91","author":"Prange","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uhlemann, M., Gendt, G., Ramatschi, M., and Deng, Z. (2015). GFZ global multi-GNSS network and data processing results. 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