{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T04:26:17Z","timestamp":1768623977067,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University","award":["18T04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18T04"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining","award":["SKLCRSM19KFA04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLCRSM19KFA04"]}]},{"name":"National Facilities and Information Infrastructure for Science and Technology","award":["Y719H71006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y719H71006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzed changes in nighttime light during the 2019 Spring Festival using Luojia 1-01 nighttime images in six western cities of China (Chengdu, Panzhihua, Kunming, Yuxi, Lhasa, and Jinchang). First, the radiance of the nighttime images was calculated. Second, the light area (LA) and average light intensity (ALI) were estimated for both Spring Festival and non-festival dates. Third, the differences in LA and ALI between the Spring Festival and non-festival were analyzed for all six cities. Migration population data from Baidu Inc. were used to examine the relationship between the changes of nighttime light and the population migration. The results show that, during the non-festival to Spring Festival period, the decrease in LA values coincided with negative net immigration. During the Spring Festival to non-festival period, the LA values increased, which coincided with positive net immigration. The F-test shows that the positive linear relationship between the normalized change in LA and the normalized net immigration is significant at the 0.05 level. This strongly indicates that population migration causes changes in LA. Moreover, while the population is considerably less in these cities during the Spring Festival, the ALI is noticeably higher, which suggests that urban activities are intensified during this period. This study demonstrates the applicability of using Luojia 1-01 nighttime images to detect the nighttime light changes for the Spring Festival in western cities, China, which can then be used to evaluate population migration and urban activities in the Spring Festival. Considering the higher spatial resolution of Luojia 1-01 than NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partnership) \/ VIIRS (Visible infrared Imaging Radiometer), this study may inspire more applications of Luojia 1-01 to track the activities in a variety of festival-cultures and cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1588600843000},"page":"1416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Application of Luojia 1-01 Nighttime Images for Detecting the Light Changes for the 2019 Spring Festival in Western Cities, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-8704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center of Geographic Information Basic Softwares of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6465-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2017.1349080","article-title":"How inter-city high-speed rail influences tourism arrivals: Evidence from social media check-in data","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2017.1421487","article-title":"Exploring human mobility patterns using geo-tagged social media data at the group level","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Spat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.11.027","article-title":"Assessing disaster impacts and response using social media data in China: A case study of 2016 Wuhan rainstorm","volume":"34","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster. Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12478","article-title":"Comparing mobility patterns between residents and visitors using geo-tagged social media data","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.006","article-title":"A global analysis of factors controlling VIIRS nighttime light levels from densely populated areas","volume":"190","author":"Levin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.03.003","article-title":"The impact of seasonal changes on observed nighttime brightness from 2014 to 2015 monthly VIIRS DNB composites","volume":"193","author":"Levin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0778-86","article-title":"Nighttime images of the earth from space","volume":"239","author":"Croft","year":"1978","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.022","article-title":"The Vegetation Adjusted NTL Urban Index: A new approach to reduce saturation and increase variation in nighttime luminosity","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6305","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2725917","article-title":"A new approach for detecting urban centers and their spatial structure with nighttime light remote sensing","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W.J., Zhao, H.R., and Jiang, S.L. (2018). A zipf\u2019s law-based method for mapping urban areas using NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010130"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Wan, B., Guo, Q.H., Hu, M.S., and Zhou, S.P. (2017). Mapping regional urban extent using NPP-VIIRS DNB and MODIS NDVI data. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080862"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.008","article-title":"Temporal variations of artificial nighttime lights and their implications for urbanization in the conterminous United States, 2013\u20132017","volume":"225","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y.T., Sun, S.K., and Zheng, S.N. (2019). Exploring urban expansion and socioeconomic vitality using NPP-VIIRS data in Xia-Zhang-Quan, China. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11061739"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021705","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of china at multiple scales: A comparison with DMSP-OLS data","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.005","article-title":"Advances in using multitemporal night-time lights satellite imagery to detect, estimate, and monitor socioeconomic dynamics","volume":"192","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Cheng, W.M., Zhou, C.H., Li, M.C., Wang, N., and Liu, Q.Y. (2017). GDP spatialization and economic differences in south china based on NPP-VIIRS nighttime light imagery. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070673"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/2014EF000285","article-title":"Holidays in lights: Tracking cultural patterns in demand for energy services","volume":"3","author":"Stokes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2019.1666313","article-title":"Tracing cultural festival patterns using time-series of VIIRS monthly products","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2019, June 23). Dataset Overview|National Centers of Environment Information (NCEI), Available online: https:\/\/data.noaa.gov\/metaview\/page?xml=NOAA\/NESDIS\/NGDC\/STP\/DMSP\/iso\/xml\/G01119.xml&view=getDataView&header=none."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Guo, X., Li, D., and Jiang, B. (2019). Evaluating the potential of LJ1-01 nighttime light data for modeling socio-economic parameters. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061465"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, X., Su, Z., Zhang, G., Chen, Z., Meng, Y., Li, D., and Liu, Y. (2019). Analysis and reduction of solar stray light in the nighttime imaging camera of Luojia-1 satellite. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051130"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, W., He, G., Long, T., Guo, H., Yin, R., Leng, W., Liu, H., and Wang, G. (2018). Potentiality of using Luojia 1-01 nighttime light imagery to investigate artificial light pollution. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092900"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2019.1577573","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of Luojia-1 night-time light imagery","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhao, L., Li, D., and Xu, H. (2018). Mapping urban extent using Luojia 1-01 nighttime light imagery. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113665"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2019.1693661","article-title":"Mapping urban expansion using night-time light images from Luojia1-01 and International Space Station","volume":"41","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Chen, R., Li, D., Zhang, G., Shen, X., Yu, B., Wu, C., Xie, S., Zhang, P., and Li, M. (2018). Initial assessment of the LEO based navigation signal augmentation system from Luojia-1A satellite. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113919"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Liu, Z., Chen, X., and Sun, J. (2019). Assessing the ability of luojia 1-01 imagery to detect feeble nighttime lights. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173708"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of Luojia 1-01 nighttime light imagery for impervious surface detection: A comparison with NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data","volume":"81","author":"Ou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth. Obs."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Chen, Z., Yang, C., Li, Q., Wu, Q., Wu, J., Zhang, G., and Yu, B. (2020). Analyzing parcel-level relationships between Luojia 1-01 nighttime light intensity and artificial surface features across Shanghai, China: A comparison with NPP-VIIRS data. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 85.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2019.101989"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Wang, J., Jiang, Y., Zhou, P., Zhao, Y., and Xu, Y. (2019). On-orbit geometric calibration and validation of Luojia 1-01 night-light satellite. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030264"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Li, L., Jiang, Y., Shen, X., and Li, D. (2018). On-orbit relative radiometric calibration of the night-time sensor of the LuoJia1-01 satellite. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124225"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Z., Zhong, X., Zhang, G., Li, Y., He, X., Wang, Q., Wei, Z., He, C., and Li, D. (2019). High sensitive night-time light imaging camera design and in-orbit test of Luojia1-01 satellite. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040797"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Li, Q., Kong, L., Gu, S., and Zhang, L. (2019). Quasi-all-passive thermal control system design and on-orbit validation of Luojia 1-01 satellite. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040827"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Zhong, X., Zhang, G., Li, D., Su, Z., Meng, Y., and Jiang, Y. (2019). Thermal stability optimization of the Luojia 1-01 nighttime light remote-sensing camera\u2019s principal distance. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19050990"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu, L., Xu, Z., Zhang, G., and Zhang, Z. (2019). Night-Light image restoration method based on night scattering model for luojia 1-01 satellite. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173761"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, Z., Jiang, Y., Wang, J., and Zhang, G. (2019). Star-Based Calibration of the Installation Between the Camera and Star Sensor of the Luojia 1-01 Satellite. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182081"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Zhong, X., and Su, Z. (2019). On-Orbit Signal-to-Noise Ratio Test Method for Night-Light Camera in Luojia 1-01 Satellite Based on Time-Sequence Imagery. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194077"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.09.274","article-title":"The influence of population movements on the urban relative humidity of Beijing during the Chinese Spring Festival holiday","volume":"170","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-017-2043-7","article-title":"Assessing population movement impacts on urban heat island of Beijing during the Chinese New Year holiday: Effects of meteorological conditions","volume":"131","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/9\/1416\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:32:20Z","timestamp":1760362340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/9\/1416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12091416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12091416","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]}}}