{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T01:46:54Z","timestamp":1778809614742,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present study was to explore the correlation between the land-use\/land cover change and the flash-flood potential changes in Z\u0103bala catchment (Romania) between 1989 and 2019. In this regard, the efficiency of GIS, remote sensing and machine learning techniques in detecting spatial patterns of the relationship between the two variables was tested. The paper elaborated upon an answer to the increase in flash flooding frequency across the study area and across the earth due to the occurred land-use\/land-cover changes, as well as due to the present climate change, which determined the multiplication of extreme meteorological phenomena. In order to reach the above-mentioned purpose, two land-uses\/land-covers (for 1989 and 2019) were obtained using Landsat image processing and were included in a relative evolution indicator (total relative difference-synthetic dynamic land-use index), aggregated at a grid-cell level of 1 km2. The assessment of runoff potential was made with a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, which was trained for 1989 and 2019 with the help of 10 flash-flood predictors, 127 flash-flood locations, and 127 non-flash-flood locations. For the year 1989, the high and very high surface runoff potential covered around 34% of the study area, while for 2019, the same values accounted for approximately 46%. The MLP models performed very well, the area under curve (AUC) values being higher than 0.837. Finally, the land-use\/land-cover change indicator, as well as the relative evolution of the flash flood potential index, was included in a geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results of the GWR highlights that high values of the Pearson coefficient (r) occupied around 17.4% of the study area. Therefore, in these areas of the Z\u0103bala river catchment, the land-use\/land-cover changes were highly correlated with the changes that occurred in flash-flood potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1588600843000},"page":"1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Using GIS, Remote Sensing, and Machine Learning to Highlight the Correlation between the Land-Use\/Land-Cover Changes and Flash-Flood Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6876-8572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romulus","family":"Costache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 90-92 Sos. Panduri, 5th District, 050663 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, 97E Sos. Bucuresti-Ploiesti, 1st District, 013686 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quoc","family":"Bao Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Quality, Atmospheric Science and Climate Change Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ema","family":"Corodescu-Ro\u0219ca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Ia\u0219i, Ia\u015fi 700505, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u0103t\u0103lin","family":"C\u00eempianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Ia\u0219i, Ia\u015fi 700505, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6224-069X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoyuan","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographic Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen","family":"Thi Thuy Linh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Water Resource Engineering, Thuyloi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chow","family":"Ming Fai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Najah Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9369-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matej","family":"Vojtek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5021-9292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siraj","family":"Muhammed Pandhiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Studies, Jubail University College, Royal Commission of Jubail, Jubail 31961, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6662-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Minea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, 97E Sos. 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