{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T18:28:52Z","timestamp":1779906532685,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The raphidophyte Chattonella spp. and diatom Skeletonema spp. are the dominant harmful algal species of summer blooms in Ariake Sea, Japan. A new bio-optical algorithm based on backscattering features has been developed to differentiate harmful raphidophyte blooms from diatom blooms using MODIS imagery. Bloom waters were first discriminated from other water types based on the distinct spectral shape of the remote sensing reflectance      R  r s      (\u03bb) data derived from MODIS. Specifically, bloom waters were discriminated by the positive value of Spectral Shape, SS (645), which arises from the      R  r s      (\u03bb) shoulder at 645 nm in bloom waters. Next, the higher cellular-specific backscattering coefficient, estimated from MODIS data and quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA) of raphidophyte, Chattonella spp., was utilized to discriminate it from blooms of the diatom, Skeletonema spp. A new index      b  b p \u2212 i n d e x    (  555  )      was calculated based on a semi-analytical bio-optical model to discriminate the two algal groups. This index, combined with a supplemental Red Band Ratio (RBR) index, effectively differentiated the two bloom types. Validation of the method was undertaken using MODIS satellite data coincident with confirmed bloom observations from local field surveys, which showed that the newly developed method, based on backscattering features, could successfully discriminate the raphidophyte Chattonella spp. from the diatom Skeletonema spp. and thus provide reliable information on the spatial distribution of harmful blooms in Ariake Sea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T11:26:00Z","timestamp":1588937160000},"page":"1504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Novel Method Based on Backscattering for Discriminating Summer Blooms of the Raphidophyte (Chattonella spp.) and the Diatom (Skeletonema spp.) Using MODIS Images in Ariake Sea, Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chi","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joji","family":"Ishizaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuya","family":"Saitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Fisheries Information Service Center, 4-5, Toyomicho, Toyomishinko Bldg. 6F., Chuo-ku 104-0055, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Mine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saga Ariake Fisheries Promotion Center, 1-1-59, Jonai, Saga 840-8570, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumamoto Prefectural Fisheries Research Center, 1-11-1, Higashisakura, Higashi Ward, Nagoya, Aichi 461-0005, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14781","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114781","article-title":"Hyperspectral differentiation of phytoplankton taxonomic groups: A comparison between using remote sensing reflectance and absorption spectra","volume":"7","author":"Xi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802178110","article-title":"Global monitoring of plankton blooms using MERIS MCI","volume":"29","author":"Gower","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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