{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T23:30:30Z","timestamp":1781825430819,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integrated use of remote sensing imagery and hydro-geophysical field surveys is a well-established approach to map the hydrogeological framework, and thus explore and evaluate the groundwater potentiality of desert lands, where groundwater is considered as the main source of freshwater. This study uses such integrated approach to map the groundwater potentiality of the desert alluvial floodplain of the Nile Valley west of Qena, Egypt, as alternative water source to the River Nile. Typically ground gradient, faults and their stress field, lateral variation of rock permeability, drainage patterns, watersheds, rainfall, lithology, and soil types are the main factors believed to affect the groundwater recharge and storage from the infiltration of present-time and paleo-runoff. Following this generally accepted approach, different remote sensing data sets (SRTM DEM, Landsat-8, ALOS\/PALSAR-1, Sentinel-1, and TRMM) as well as auxiliary maps (geological and soil maps) were used to identify and map these factors and prepare thematic maps portraying the different influences they exert on the groundwater recharge. These thematic maps were overlaid and integrated using weights in a GIS framework to generate the groundwater potentiality map which categorizes the different recharge capabilities into five zones. Moreover, the aeromagnetic data were processed to map the deep-seated structures and estimate the depth to basement rocks that may control the groundwater occurrence. In addition, the vertical electrical sounding (VES) measurements were applied and calibrated with the available borehole data to delineate the subsurface geological and hydrogeological setting as well as the groundwater aquifers. Different geoelectric cross-sections and hydro-geophysical maps were constructed using the borehole information and VES interpretation results to show the lateral extension of the different lithological units, groundwater-bearing zones, water table, and the saturated thickness of the aquifer. The GIS model and geophysical results show that the southwest part of Nag\u2019a Hammadi-El-Ghoneimia stretch has very high recharge and storage potentiality and is characterized by the presence of two groundwater-bearing zones. The shallow groundwater aquifer is located at a depth of 30 m with a saturation thickness of more than 43 m. However, there are NW\u2013SE faults crossing the study area and most likely serve as recharge conduits by connecting the shallow aquifer with the deeper ones. Such aquifers connection has been confirmed by investigating the chemical and isotopic composition of their groundwater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T10:27:19Z","timestamp":1589452039000},"page":"1559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Mapping the Groundwater Potentiality of West Qena Area, Egypt, Using Integrated Remote Sensing and Hydro-Geophysical Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2487-0815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Gaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel Kamel","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"ElGalladi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdelkareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4317-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Beshr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6186-1619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magaly","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2019, August 01). Egypt AQUASTAT-FAO\u2019s Information System on Water and Agriculture. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/nr\/water\/aquastat\/countries_regions\/EGY\/index.stm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3923\/ajcs.2013.125.138","article-title":"Promoting irrigation water utilization efficiency in superior vineyards","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Crop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Said, R. (1981). The Geological Evolution of the River Nile, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5841-4"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patra, H.P., Adhikari, S.K., and Kunar, S. (2016). Groundwater Prospecting and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-1148-1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215018","article-title":"Integrated remote sensing and GIS for groundwater exploration and identifcation of artifcial recharge sites","volume":"19","author":"Saraf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600209823","article-title":"Groundwater potential modelling in a sof rock area using a GIS","volume":"21","author":"Shahid","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.09.016","article-title":"Application of a weights-of-evidence method and GIS to regional groundwater productivity potential mapping","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-005-0437-6","article-title":"Use of remote sensing and GIS to determine recharge potential zones: The case of Occidental Lebanon","volume":"14","author":"Shaban","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/10106040802556173","article-title":"Applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems for urban land-cover change studies in Mongolia","volume":"24","author":"Amarsaikhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2012.05.003","article-title":"Mapping of groundwater prospective zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques: A case study from the Central Eastern Desert, Egypt","volume":"70","author":"Abdalla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4524-2","article-title":"Groundwater potential mapping using remote sensing techniques and weights of evidence GIS model: A case study from Wadi Yalamlam basin, Makkah Province, Western Saudi Arabia","volume":"74","author":"Madani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinze, W.J., Frese, R.R.B.V., and Saad, A.H. (2013). Gravity and Magnetic Exploration: Principles, Practices, and Applications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511843129"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrjag.2017.09.003","article-title":"Assessment of groundwater potentiality using geophysical techniques in Wadi Allaqi basin, Eastern Desert, Egypt\u2013Case study","volume":"6","author":"Helaly","year":"2017","journal-title":"NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-019-4492-z","article-title":"Structural depocenters control the Nubian sandstone aquifer, Southwestern Desert, Egypt: Inferences from aeromagnetic data","volume":"12","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-015-2054-6","article-title":"Application of DC resistivity method for groundwater investigation, case study at West Nile Delta, Egypt","volume":"9","author":"Mohamed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Reynolds, J.M. (2011). An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics, Wiley-Blackwell. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, B., and Shalivahan, S. (2016). Remote sensing and groundwater data investigation in plain west of Nile, Qena Governorate, Egypt. Geoelectric Methods: Theory and Applications, McGraw Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Friedman, R., and Adams, B. (1992). The Cenozoic rivers of Egypt: The Nile problem. The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, Oxbow Books, Park End Place. Egyptian Studies Association Publication, no. 2, Oxbow Monograph 20."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2113\/49.Suppl_1.1","article-title":"Structural setting of central and south Egypt: An overview","volume":"49","author":"Youssef","year":"2003","journal-title":"Micropaleontology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/gj.2687","article-title":"Mode of formation of the Nile Gorge in northern Egypt: A study by DEM-SRTM data and GIS analysis","volume":"51","author":"Abdelkareem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geol. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamimi, Z., El-Barkooky, A., Mart\u00ednez Fr\u00edas, J., Fritz, H., and Abd El-Rahman, Y. (2020). The Geology of Egypt, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15265-9"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"101","article-title":"A geological interpretation of a part of the Nile Valley based on gravity data","volume":"2","year":"1982","journal-title":"Egypt J. Geol. Spec. Vol. Part"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Conoco (1987). Geological Map of Egypt, Scale 1:500,000, Sheet NG36NE Quseir, NG36NW Asyut, NG36SE Gebel Hamata, and NG36SW Luxor, Egypt, The Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"57","article-title":"Magneto-tectonic studies of the area west of Luxor, Upper Egypt","volume":"34","author":"ElGalladi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mansoura J. Geol. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Omer, A.A. (1996). Geological, Mineralogical and Geochemical Studies on the Neogene and Quaternary Nile Basin Deposits, Qena-Assiut Stretch, Egypt. [Ph.D. Thesis, South Valley University]."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"287","article-title":"Biostratigraphy of the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary rocks in the Nile Valley (Qena region), Egypt","volume":"XV","author":"Faris","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Geol. Surv. Egypt."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Issawi, B., Francis, M.H., Youssef, E.-S.A.A., and Osman, R.A. (2009). The Phanerozoic Geology of Egypt: A Geodynamic Approach."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00078.x","article-title":"Use of solute chemistry and isotopes to identify sources of ground-water recharge in the Nile aquifer system, Upper Egypt","volume":"35","author":"Awad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"RIGW (Cartographer) (1997). Hydrogeological Map of Egypt (Luxor Sheet). Scale 1:500,000, ASRT."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"RIGW (Cartographer) (1997). Hydrogeological Map of Egypt (Asyut Sheet). Scale 1:500,000, ASRT."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-007-1014-1","article-title":"Groundwater of Egypt: \u201can environmental overview\u201d","volume":"55","author":"Farrag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"ESRI (2018, June 01). ArcGIS Desktop 10.5 Help (Includes ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene Softwares). Available online: https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(84)80011-0","article-title":"The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data","volume":"28","author":"Mark","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1593","article-title":"Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis","volume":"54","author":"Jenson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Photogram. Engng Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-017-0534-4","article-title":"Quantitative analysis and implications of drainage morphometry of the Agula watershed in the semi-arid northern Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Fenta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"739","article-title":"Photolineament Factor: A New Computer\u2014Aided Method for Remotely Sensing the Degree to Which Bedrock Is Fractured","volume":"61","author":"Hardcastle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"ESA (2019, January 09). Copernicus Website for Downloading Free Sentinel Data. Available online: https:\/\/scihub.copernicus.eu\/dhus\/#\/home."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"USGS (2019, January 09). EarthExplorer Website for Downloading Satellite Remote Sensing Data, Available online: https:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Meijerink, A.M.J., Bannert, D., Batelaan, O., Lubczynski, M., and Pointet, T. (2007). Remote Sensing Applications to Groundwater; IHP-VI Series on Groundwater, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008277328822","article-title":"Differentiation-Based Edge Detection Using the Logarithmic Image Processing Model","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Math. Imaging Vis."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Exelis (2019, January 01). ENVI Classic 5.3 Help. Available online: https:\/\/www.harrisgeospatial.com\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215621","article-title":"Filtering of satellite images in geological lineament analyses: An application to a fault zone in Central Turkey","volume":"19","author":"Suzen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, N.-B., and Bai, K. (2018). Multisensor Data Fusion and Machine Learning for Environmental Remote Sensing, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315154602"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1985)96<952:TLSCTT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Topographic lineament swarms: Clues to their origin from domain analysis of Italy","volume":"96","author":"Wise","year":"1985","journal-title":"GSA Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-006-0138-9","article-title":"Lineaments in groundwater exploration: A review of applications and limitations","volume":"15","author":"Sander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11220-011-0066-1","article-title":"SAR Remote Sensing of Buried Faults: Implications for Groundwater Exploration in the Western Desert of Egypt","volume":"12","author":"Gaber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Imaging: Int. J."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"ESA (2018, May 01). SNAP Software (Version 5.0): Sentinel Application Platform. Available online: http:\/\/step.esa.int\/main\/toolboxes\/snap\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaber, A., Abdelkareem, M., Abdelsadek, I.S., Koch, M., and El-Baz, F. (2018). Using InSAR Coherence for Investigating the Interplay of Fluvial and Aeolian Features in Arid Lands: Implications for Groundwater Potential in Egypt. Remote. Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060832"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"FAO (Cartographer) (2020, May 13). Reconnaissance soil map of the Isna-Nag Hammadi area, Egypt. Scale 1:200,000. Available online: https:\/\/esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"FAO (Cartographer) (2020, May 13). Reconnaissance soil map of the Nag Hammadi-Abu Tig area, Egypt. Scale 1:200,000, Available online: https:\/\/esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Aero-Service (1984). Final operational report of airborne magnetic\/radiometric survey in the Eastern Desert, Egypt. Aero-Service Division, Western Atlas International Inc."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Geosoft (2015). Oasis Montaj (Version 8.4): Software for Processing and Interpretation of Potential-Field Data, Geosoft Inc.. Available online: http:\/\/www.geosoft.com."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1130\/MEM47-p1","article-title":"Interpretation of aeromagnetic maps","volume":"Volume 47","author":"Vacquier","year":"1951","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Memoirs"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1441278","article-title":"EULDPH: A new technique for making computer-assisted depth estimates from magnetic data","volume":"47","author":"Thompson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442774","article-title":"Magnetic interpretation in three dimensions using Euler deconvolution","volume":"55","author":"Reid","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Bobachev, A.A. (2002). IPI2Win: A Windows Software for an Automatic Interpretation of Resistivity Sounding Data. [Ph.D. Thesis, Moscow State University]."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Zohdy AA, R., Eaton, G.P., and Mabey, D.R. (1990). Application of surface geophysics to ground-water investigations. Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, John W. Powell National Center, USGS."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Healy, R.W., and Scanlon, B.R. (2010). Estimating Groundwater Recharge, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511780745"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal, B.B.S., and Gupta, R.P. (2010). Applied Hydrogeology of Fractured Rocks, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8799-7"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"RockWare (2019, June 01). RockWorks16 Help. Available online: https:\/\/www.rockware.com\/."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/02757259009532107","article-title":"Applications of remote sensing to groundwater hydrology","volume":"4","author":"Waters","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2008.10.001","article-title":"Mapping of groundwater potential zones in the Musi basin using remote sensing data and GIS","volume":"40","author":"Ganapuram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"2653","article-title":"Analyses of optical images and radar data reveal structural features and predict groundwater accumulations in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt","volume":"8","author":"Abdelkareem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geoscience"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Moubark, K., Abdelkareem, M., Fakhry, M., and Barsom, N. (2015). Integration of remote sensing and hydrogeological data in the west of Qena Governorate, Egypt. Second Young Researchers Egyptian Universities Conference (YREUC-2), South Valley University."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Hefny, K., and Shata, A. (2004). Underground Water in Egypt."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2017.11.023","article-title":"Assessment of well performance criteria and aquifer characteristics using step-drawdown tests and hydrogeochemical data, west of Qena area, Egypt","volume":"138","author":"Abdalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Voogd, H. (1983). Multicriteria Evaluation for Urban and Regional Planning, Pion."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"NGA (2004). GM-SYS (Version 4.9): Gravity\/Magnetic Modeling Software, Northwest Geophysical Associates Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.nga.com\/."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Land use\/land cover changes and groundwater potential zoning in and around Raniganj coal mining area, Bardhaman District, West Bengal\u2013a GIS and remote sensing approach","volume":"4","author":"Sikdar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Spat. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"El-Soghier, M. (2017). Gravity and Remote Sensing Investigations in the Basin West of Asyut, Egypt MSc. South Valley University."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.08.032","article-title":"An integrated approach for identification of potential aquifer zones in structurally controlled terrain: Wadi Qena basin, Egypt","volume":"149","author":"Hussien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-3535-1","article-title":"An integrated approach to evaluate the possibility of urban development around Sohag Governorate, Egypt, using potential field data","volume":"11","author":"Ghazala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., and Sheriff, R.E. (1990). Applied Geophysics, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139167932"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2015.01.004","article-title":"Impact of the geologic setting on the groundwater using geoelectrical sounding in the area southwest of Sohag\u2013Upper Egypt","volume":"104","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-016-2440-8","article-title":"Lithostratigraphic and sedimentary evolution of the Kom Ombo (Garara) sub-basin, southern Egypt","volume":"9","author":"Issawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, R., and Oliver, M.A. (2007). Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470517277"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/10\/1559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:28:45Z","timestamp":1760174925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/10\/1559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12101559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12101559","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]}}}