{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:30:59Z","timestamp":1767864659056,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["640276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["640276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Confidence in the use of Earth observations for monitoring essential climate variables (ECVs) relies on the validation of satellite calibration accuracy to within a well-defined uncertainty. The gap analysis for integrated atmospheric ECV climate monitoring (GAIA-CLIM) project investigated the calibration\/validation of satellite data sets using non-satellite reference data. Here, we explore the role of numerical weather prediction (NWP) frameworks for the assessment of several meteorological satellite sensors: the advanced microwave scanning radiometer 2 (AMSR2), microwave humidity sounder-2 (MWHS-2), microwave radiation imager (MWRI), and global precipitation measurement (GPM) microwave imager (GMI). We find departures (observation-model differences) are sensitive to instrument calibration artefacts. Uncertainty in surface emission is identified as a key gap in our ability to validate microwave imagers quantitatively in NWP. The prospects for NWP-based validation of future instruments are considered, taking as examples the microwave sounder (MWS) and infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer-next generation (IASI-NG) on the next generation of European polar-orbiting satellites. Through comparisons with reference radiosondes, uncertainties in NWP fields can be estimated in terms of equivalent top-of-atmosphere brightness temperature. We find NWP-sonde differences are consistent with a total combined uncertainty of 0.15 K for selected temperature sounding channels, while uncertainties for humidity sounding channels typically exceed 1 K.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T10:53:59Z","timestamp":1589540039000},"page":"1580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Assessment of New Satellite Missions within the Framework of Numerical Weather Prediction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2427-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"Newman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Devon Exeter EX1 3PB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2638-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien","family":"Carminati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Devon Exeter EX1 3PB, UK"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Devon Exeter EX1 3PB, UK"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Bormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Road, Reading RG2 9AX, UK"}]},{"given":"Kirsti","family":"Salonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Road, Reading RG2 9AX, UK"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Road, Reading RG2 9AX, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/2017RG000562","article-title":"Validation practices for satellite-based Earth observation data across communities","volume":"55","author":"Loew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. 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