{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:31:28Z","timestamp":1780587088153,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]],"date-time":"2020-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-687-G-13-00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-687-G-13-00003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) in Madagascar classifies Malagasy districts into two malaria situations: districts in the pre-elimination phase and districts in the control phase. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is identified as the main intervention means to control malaria in the Central Highlands. However, it involves an important logistical mobilization and thus necessitates prioritization of interventions according to the magnitude of malaria risks. Our objectives were to map the malaria transmission risk and to develop a tool to support the Malagasy Ministry of Public Health (MoH) for selective IRS implementation. For the 2014\u20132016 period, different sources of remotely sensed data were used to update land cover information and substitute in situ climatic data. Spatial modeling was performed based on multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) to assess malaria risk. Models were mainly based on environment and climate. Three annual malaria risk maps were obtained for 2014, 2015, and 2016. Annual parasite incidence data were used to validate the results. In 2016, the validation of the model using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed an accuracy of 0.736; 95% CI [0.669\u20130.803]. A free plugin for QGIS software was made available for NMCP decision makers to prioritize areas for IRS. An annual update of the model provides the basic information for decision making before each IRS campaign. In Madagascar and beyond, the availability of the free plugin for open-source software facilitates the transfer to the MoH and allows further application to other problems and contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T02:43:42Z","timestamp":1589769822000},"page":"1585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Remote Sensing and Multi-Criteria Evaluation for Malaria Risk Mapping to Support Indoor Residual Spraying Prioritization in the Central Highlands of Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9646-400X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hobiniaina Anthonio","family":"Rakotoarison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"},{"name":"Centre de coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD), Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche Territoires, Environnement, T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), 34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche Territoires, Environnement, T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l\u2019environnement (AgroParisTech), Centre de coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de recherche pour l\u2019agriculture, l\u2019alimentation et l\u2019environnement (INRAE), F-34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9ophysique de l\u2019Environnement et T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection (LGET), Institut et Observatoire de G\u00e9ophysique d\u2019Antananarivo (IOGA), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Antananarivo, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mampionona","family":"Rasamimalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0490-7665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Marius","family":"Rakotondramanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brune","family":"Ramiranirina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Ministry of Public Health, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Franchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Ministry of Public Health, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Kapesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Madagascar\/President Malaria Initiative (PMI), Health Population and Nutrition Office (HPN), 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Razafindrakoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Madagascar\/President Malaria Initiative (PMI), Health Population and Nutrition Office (HPN), 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Guis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"},{"name":"Centre de coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD), Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche Animal, Sant\u00e9, Territoires, Risques et Ecosyst\u00e8mes (UMR ASTRE), 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"},{"name":"Centre de coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD), Institut national de recherche pour l\u2019agriculture, l\u2019alimentation et l\u2019environnement (INRAE), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche Animal, Sant\u00e9, Territoires, Risques et Ecosyst\u00e8mes (UMR ASTRE), F-34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Foibem-pirenena momba ny Fikarohana ampiharina amin\u2019ny Fampandrosoana ny eny Ambanivohitra\u2014D\u00e9partement de Recherche Zootechnique, V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire et Piscicole (FOFIFA-DRZVP), 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano Micha\u00ebl","family":"Tantely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Girod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solofoarisoa","family":"Rakotoniaina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9ophysique de l\u2019Environnement et T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection (LGET), Institut et Observatoire de G\u00e9ophysique d\u2019Antananarivo (IOGA), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Antananarivo, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Baril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 99 Phnom Penh, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Piola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 99 Phnom Penh, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanjasoa","family":"Rakotomanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). World Malaria Report 2019, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Roll Back Malaria (2018). RBM Partenership Strategic Plan 2018\u20132020, RBM Partnership to end Malaria."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Direction de Lutte contre le Paludisme (2017). Plan Strat\u00e9gique National de lutte contre le paludisme 2018\u20132022."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"INSTAT (2017). Enqu\u00eate sur les indicateurs du Paludisme \u00e0 Madagascar\u2014Rapport Final 2016, INSTAT."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mouchet, J., and Baudon, D. (1988). Rapport de Mission d\u2019expertise sur le Paludisme \u00e0 Madagascar (R\u00e9gion des Hauts Plateaux)."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randrianasolo, L., Raoelina, Y., Ratsitorahina, M., Ravolomanana, L., Andriamandimby, S., Heraud, J., Rakotomanana, F., Ramanjato, R., Randrianarivo-Solofoniaina, A.E., and Richard, V. (2010). Sentinel surveillance system for early outbreak detection in Madagascar. BMC Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-31"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"504","article-title":"Paludisme sur les Hautes Terres Centrales de Madagascar: Strat\u00e9gies de lutte","volume":"66","author":"Rabarijaona","year":"2006","journal-title":"M\u00e9d. Trop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratovonjato, J., Randrianarivelojosia, M., Rakotondrainibe, M.E., Raharimanga, V., Andrianaivolambo, L., Le Goff, G., Rogier, C., Ariey, F., Boyer, S., and Robert, V. (2014). Entomological and parasitological impacts of indoor residual spraying with DDT, alphacypermethrin and deltamethrin in the western foothill area of Madagascar. Malar. J., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-21"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"The Global Fund (2017). The Global Fund 2016 Annual Financial Report, The Global Fund."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"PMI (2018). Malaria Operational Plan FY 2018, PMI."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90317-7","article-title":"Malaria in the highlands of Madagascar after five years of indoor house spraying of DDT","volume":"95","author":"Jambou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.06.005","article-title":"Moderate transmission but high prevalence of malaria in Madagascar","volume":"36","author":"Robert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. for Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1004-9","article-title":"Malaria case in Madagascar, probable implication of a new vector, Anopheles coustani","volume":"14","author":"Nepomichene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-790X2009000300005","article-title":"Mapping malaria risk using environmental and anthropic variables","volume":"12","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrao, J.L., Niquisse, S., Mendes, J.M., and Painho, M. (2018). Mapping and Modelling Malaria Risk Areas Using Climate, Socio-Demographic and Clinical Variables in Chimoio, Mozambique. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040795"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.2.355","article-title":"A spatial statistical approach to malaria mapping","volume":"29","author":"Kleinschmidt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2709-y","article-title":"Geostatistical analysis and mapping of malaria risk in children under 5 using point-referenced prevalence data in Ghana","volume":"18","author":"Yankson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.01.003","article-title":"Spatial analysis and mapping of malaria risk in an endemic area, south of Iran: A GIS based decision making for planning of control","volume":"122","author":"Vatandoost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"5","article-title":"Malaria Hazard and Risk Mapping Using GIS Based Spatial Multicriteria Evaluation Technique (SMCET) in Tekeze Basin Development Corridor, Amhara Region, Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Wondim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s41324-019-00242-8","article-title":"Mapping of mosquito-borne diseases in Kolkata Municipal Corporation using GIS and AHP based decision making approach","volume":"27","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spat. Inf. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinhold, J.M., Lazzari, C.R., and Lahond\u00e8re, C. (2018). Effects of the Environmental Temperature on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes: A Review. Insects, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9040158"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakotomanana, F., Randremanana, R.V., Rabarijaona, L.P., Duchemin, J.B., Ratovonjato, J., Ariey, F., Rudant, J.P., and Jeanne, I. (2007). Determining areas that require indoor insecticide spraying using Multi Criteria Evaluation, a decision-support tool for malaria vector control programmes in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Int. J. Health Geogr., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-6-2"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahouli, J.B.Z., Koudou, B.G., M\u00fcller, P., Malone, D., Tano, Y., and Utzinger, J. (2017). Effect of land-use changes on the abundance, distribution, and host-seeking behavior of Aedes arbovirus vectors in oil palm-dominated landscapes, southeastern C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189082"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arq114","article-title":"A behavioral mechanism underlying ecological divergence in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae","volume":"21","author":"Gimonneau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paaijmans, K.P., and Thomas, M.B. (2011). The influence of mosquito resting behaviour and associated microclimate for malaria risk. Malar. J., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-183"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-9","article-title":"Using remote sensing to map larval and adult populations of Anopheles hyrcanus (Diptera: Culicidae) a potential malaria vector in Southern France","volume":"7","author":"Tran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2011.167","article-title":"The use of remotely sensed environmental data in the study of malaria","volume":"5","author":"Machault","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machault, V., Vignolles, C., Pag\u00e8s, F., Gadiaga, L., Tourre, Y.M., Gaye, A., Sokhna, C., Trape, J.-F., Lacaus, J.-P., and Rogier, C. (2012). Risk mapping of Anopheles gambiae s.l. densities using remotely-sensed environmental and meteorological data in an urban area: Dakar, Senegal. PLoS ONE., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050674"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2567-z","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal distribution of Anopheles larval habitats in Uganda using GIS\/remote sensing technologies","volume":"17","author":"Tokarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1438","article-title":"Using a geographical information system to plan a malaria control programme in South Africa","volume":"78","author":"Booman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Spatial targeting of interventions against malaria","volume":"78","author":"Carter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-350","article-title":"Multilevel and geo-statistical modeling of malaria risk in children of Burkina Faso","volume":"7","author":"Samadoulougou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2491-2","article-title":"Detecting local risk factors for residual malaria in northern Ghana using Bayesian model averaging","volume":"17","author":"Millar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-10-70","article-title":"The Lyme-MCDA Consortium. Spatially explicit multi-criteria decision analysis for managing vector-borne diseases","volume":"10","author":"Hongoh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"14","article-title":"Spatial multi-criteria evaluation: A promising methodology for identifying areas at risk of Rift Valley fever","volume":"360","author":"Chevalier","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMPRES-Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Strengthening health decision-making at the territorial level: Operational support for spatial multi-criteria evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"CIRAD Montp. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"342","article-title":"Validation of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis model of land suitability analysis for sustainable hillside development","volume":"109","author":"Chandio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.06.011","article-title":"Analysis of the potentials of multi criteria decision analysis methods to conduct sustainability assessment","volume":"46","author":"Cinelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2015.04.059","article-title":"Development, test and comparison of two Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) models: A case of healthcare infrastructure location","volume":"42","author":"Dehe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Thiery, Y., Malet, J.-P., and Maquaire, O. (2006, January 11\u201313). Test of fuzzy logic rules for landslide susceptibility assessment. Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Analysis and Geomatics, Strasbourg, France."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"539","article-title":"Raster procedures for multi-criteria\/multi-objective decisions. Photogramm","volume":"61","author":"Eastman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600661508","article-title":"GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis: A survey of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Malczewski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"388","article-title":"Implementation of decision support tools in ArcGIS and IDRISI and their environmental applications","volume":"8","author":"Pechanec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2003.10.002","article-title":"Multi-resolution, object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote sensing data for GIS-ready information","volume":"58","author":"Benz","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnevale, P., and Robert, V. (2009). Les anopheles Biologie, transmission du Plasmodium et lutte antivectorielle, IRD.","DOI":"10.4000\/books.irdeditions.10374"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06432.x","article-title":"The ecology of Anopheles mosquitoes under climate change: Cases studies from the effects of environmental changes in East Africa highlands","volume":"1249","author":"Afrane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck-johnson, L.M., Nelson, W.A., Paaijmans, K.P., Read, A.F., Thomas, M.B., and Bj\u00f8rnstad, O.N. (2013). The effect of temperature on Anopheles mosquito population dynamics and the potential for malaria transmission. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079276"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2016.04.008","article-title":"Modelling the effect of temperature on the seasonal population dynamics of temperate mosquitoes","volume":"400","author":"Ewing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Depinay, J.O., Mbogo, C.M., Killeen, G., Knols, B., Beier, J., Carlson, J., Dushoff, J., Billingsley, P., Mwambi, H., and Githure, J. (2004). A simulation model of African Anopheles ecology and population dynamics for the analysis of malaria transmission. Malar. J., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-29"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-196","article-title":"Relevant microclimate for determining the development rate of malaria mosquitoes and possible implications of climate change","volume":"9","author":"Paaijmans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2009.00839.x","article-title":"Seasonal abundance of anopheline mosquitoes and their association with rainfall and malaria along the Matapi River, Amap, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Galardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environmental factors associated with the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in Kenya","volume":"8","author":"Hemingway","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/199267126","article-title":"Etude longitudinale sur les g\u00eetes larvaires d\u2019Anopheles gambiae s. l. dans un canton de la province d\u2019Antananarivo (Hautes Terres Centrales de Madagascar)","volume":"67","author":"Ravoniharimelina","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"140","article-title":"Flight performance of the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles atroparvus","volume":"29","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Eastman, J.R. (1999). Multi-criteria evaluation and GIS. Geographical Information Systems, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Jensen, J.R. (2005). Introductory Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(77)90033-5","article-title":"A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures","volume":"15","author":"Saaty","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90057-I","article-title":"How to make a decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process","volume":"48","author":"Saaty","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arlinghaus, S.L., and Kerski, J.J. (2014). Spatial Mathematics: Theory and Practice through Mapping, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15049"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2016-021","article-title":"mclust 5: Clustering, Classification and Density Estimation Using Gaussian Finite Mixture Models","volume":"8","author":"Scrucca","year":"2016","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2009.10.001","article-title":"A GIS-based landslide susceptibility evaluation using bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses","volume":"110","author":"Nandi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2014.03.007","article-title":"Spatially-explicit integrated uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of criteria weights in multicriteria land suitability evaluation","volume":"57","author":"Jankowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, M.C., Goutard, F.L., Roulleau, F., Holl, D., Thanapongtharm, W., Roger, F.L., and Tran, A. (2016). Quantitative assessment of a spatial multicriteria model for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Thailand, and application in Cambodia. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31096"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, A., Trevennec, C., Lutwama, J., Sserugga, J., G\u00e9ly, M., Pittiglio, C., Pinto, J., and Chevalier, V. (2016). Development and assessment of a geographic knowledge-based model for mapping suitable areas for rift valley fever transmission in Eastern Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004999"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Summerfield, M. (2007). Rapid GUI Programming with Python and Qt, Prentice Hall. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168908903939","article-title":"Digital change detection techniqus using remotely-sensed data","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer, D.W., and Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied Logistic Regression, John Wiley and Sons. [2nd ed.]. Chapter 5.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5052411","article-title":"Land Use\/Land Cover change analysis using object-based classification approach in Munessa-Shashemene landscape of the Ethiopian Highlands","volume":"5","author":"Kindu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phiri, D., and Morgenroth, J. (2017). Developments in Landsat land cover classification methods: A review. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090967"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-8-171-2014","article-title":"Analytical hierarchy process modeling for malaria risk zones in Vadodara district, Gujarat","volume":"XL-8","author":"Bhatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"155","article-title":"GIS and remote sensing for malaria risk mapping, Ethiopia","volume":"XL-8","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Tech. Comm. VIII Symp."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-143","article-title":"The impact of human reservoir of malaria at a community-level on individual malaria occurrence in a low malaria transmission setting along the Thai-Myanmar border","volume":"9","author":"Lawpoolsri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv370","article-title":"Dynamics of the human infectious reservoir for malaria determined by mosquito feeding assays and ultrasensitive malaria diagnosis in Burkina Faso","volume":"213","author":"Wenger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanda, E., Mukonka, V.M., Mthembu, D., Kamuliwo, M., Coetzer, S., and Shinondo, C.J. (2012). Using a Geographical Information System based decision support to enhance malaria vector control in Zambia. J. Trop. Med., 1.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/363520"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinchoff, J., Larsen, D.A., Renn, S., Pollard, D., Fornadel, C., Maire, M.J., Sikaala, C., Sinyangwe, C., Winters, B., and Bridges, D.J. (2016). Targeting indoor residual spraying for malaria using epidemiological data: A case study of the Zambia experience. Malar. J., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1073-9"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2194-6434-1-22","article-title":"How the International Research Institute fo Climate and Society has contributed towards seasonal climate foecast modelling and operations in South Africa","volume":"1","author":"Landman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Perspect."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudart, J., Tour\u00e9, O., Dessay, N., Dicko, A.L., Ranque, S., Forest, L., Demongeot, J., and Doumbo, O.K. (2009). Modelling malaria incidence with environmental dependency in a locality of Sudanese savannah area, Mali. Malar. J., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-61"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dambach, P., Machault, V., Lacaus, J.-P., Vignolles, C., Si\u00e9, A., and Sauerborn, R. (2012). Utilization of combined remote sensing techniques to detect environmental variables influencing malaria vector densities in rural West Africa. Int. J. Health Geogr., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-11-8"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1556-3","article-title":"Contemporary epidemiological overview of malaria in Madagascar: Operational utility of reported routine case data for malaria control planning","volume":"15","author":"Howes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2206-8","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria in Madagascar","volume":"17","author":"Ihantamalala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1728-9","article-title":"Analysing trends and forecasting malaria epidemics in Madagascar using a sentinel surveillance network: A web-based application","volume":"16","author":"Girond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"47","article-title":"Enhancing Geographical Information Systems Capabilities with Multi-Criteria Evaluation Functions","volume":"7","author":"Chakhar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Inf. Decis. Anal."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/10\/1585\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:29:31Z","timestamp":1760174971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/10\/1585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12101585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12101585","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]]}}}