{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:56:38Z","timestamp":1784735798336,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Observing global terrestrial water storage changes (TWSCs) from (inter-)seasonal to (multi-)decade time-scales is very important to understand the Earth as a system under natural and anthropogenic climate change. The primary goal of the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission (2002\u20132017) and its follow-on mission (GRACE-FO, 2018\u2013onward) is to provide time-variable gravity fields, which can be converted to TWSCs with     \u223c 300     km spatial resolution; however, the one year data gap between GRACE and GRACE-FO represents a critical discontinuity, which cannot be replaced by alternative data or model with the same quality. To fill this gap, we applied time-variable gravity fields (2013\u2013onward) from the Swarm Earth explorer mission with low spatial resolution of     \u223c 1500     km. A novel iterative reconstruction approach was formulated based on the independent component analysis (ICA) that combines the GRACE and Swarm fields. The reconstructed TWSC fields of 2003\u20132018 were compared with a commonly applied reconstruction technique and GRACE-FO TWSC fields, whose results indicate a considerable noise reduction and long-term consistency improvement of the iterative ICA reconstruction technique. They were applied to evaluate trends and seasonal mass changes (of 2003\u20132018) within the world\u2019s 33 largest river basins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T10:37:38Z","timestamp":1589971058000},"page":"1639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["An Iterative ICA-Based Reconstruction Method to Produce Consistent Time-Variable Total Water Storage Fields Using GRACE and Swarm Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3055-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Forootan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geodesy and Earth Observation Group, Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Rendburggade 14, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF103AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3785-8118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maike","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics and Meteorology (IPM), University of Hohenheim, D70593 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Computational Science Lab (CSL), University of Hohenheim, D70593 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0548-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nooshin","family":"Mehrnegar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF103AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2790-2664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Bezd\u011bk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomical Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Fricova 298, 251 65 Ondrejov, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8589-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthieu J.","family":"Talpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0534-0632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Farzaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, North Kargar Street, Central Buliding of the College of Engineering, 1439957131 Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6297-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9378-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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