{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T16:09:50Z","timestamp":1774800590380,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orientation information of space debris is required to improve the orbital prediction accuracy for mitigation or elimination of a significant threat to not only human space activities but also operational satellites. Obtaining orientation information is currently achievable by applying photometry, adaptive optics (AO) and satellite laser ranging (SLR) technologies. In this study, a new method is proposed based on an echo laser pulse waveform (ELPW) for the orientation determination of space debris; its feasibility was also investigated by numerical simulations. Unlike the photometry and AO technologies available just under the sun-illumination condition and the SLR technology applicable only for cooperative targets, the ELPW is achievable by using a high power laser regardless of the above measurement constraints. A mathematical model is derived to generate the ELPW, and the beam broadening and spreading due to the atmospheric turbulence is taken into account. The Gaussian decomposition based on a genetic algorithm was employed to the ELPWs in order to analyze the orientation features. It is demonstrated from the numerical simulations that the ELPWs have distinctive shapes characterizing the orientation of space debris and therefore our approach was capable of providing orientation information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1590060678000},"page":"1659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Modeling and Analysis of an Echo Laser Pulse Waveform for the Orientation Determination of Space Debris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5266-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Chul","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Space Science Division, Daejeon 34055, Korea"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Center for Astro-geodynamics, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Ki-Pyoung","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Space Science Division, Daejeon 34055, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jong Uk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Space Science Division, Daejeon 34055, Korea"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Space Science Division, Daejeon 34055, Korea"}]},{"given":"Chul-Sung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Space Science Division, Daejeon 34055, Korea"}]},{"given":"Mansoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Space Science Division, Daejeon 34055, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2013.10.005","article-title":"A critical assessment of satellite drag and atmospheric density modeling","volume":"95","author":"Vallado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Astronautica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2012.03.021","article-title":"Shape and motion estimate of LEO debris using light curves","volume":"50","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. 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