{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T05:22:42Z","timestamp":1761110562183,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]],"date-time":"2020-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C4000102979\/11\/NL\/AF 102979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C4000102979\/11\/NL\/AF 102979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ADAM (A Surface Reflectance Database for ESA\u2019s Earth Observation Missions) product (a climatological database coupled to its companion calculation toolkit) enables users to simulate realistic hyperspectral and directional global Earth surface reflectances (i.e., top-of-canopy\/bottom-of-atmosphere) over the 240\u20134000 nm spectral range (at 1-nm resolution) and in any illumination\/observation geometry, at 0.1\u00b0 \u00d7 0.1\u00b0 spatial resolution for a typical year. ADAM aims to support the preparation of optical Earth observation missions as well as the design of operational processing chains for the retrieval of atmospheric parameters by characterizing the expected surface reflectance, accounting for its anisotropy. Firstly, we describe (1) the methods used in the development of the gridded monthly ADAM climatologies (over land surfaces: monthly means of normalized reflectances derived from MODIS observations in seven spectral bands for the year 2005; over oceans: monthly means over the 1999\u20132009 period of chlorophyll content from SeaWiFS and of wind speed from SeaWinds), and (2) the underlying modeling approaches of ADAM toolkit to simulate the spectro-directional variations of the reflectance depending on the assigned surface type. Secondly, we evaluate ADAM simulation performances over land surfaces. A comparison against POLDER multi-spectral\/multi-directional measurements for year 2008 shows reliable simulation results with root mean square differences below 0.027 and R2 values above 0.9 for most of the 14 land cover IGBP classes investigated, with no significant bias identified. Only for the \u201cSnow and ice\u201d class is the performance lower pointing to a limitation of climatological data to represent actual snow properties. An evaluation of the modeled reflectance in the specific backscatter direction against CALIPSO data reveals that ADAM tends to overestimate (underestimate) the so-called \u201chot-spot\u201d by a factor of about 1.5 (1.5 to 2) for barren (vegetated) surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T11:42:02Z","timestamp":1590406922000},"page":"1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Simulating Multi-Directional Narrowband Reflectance of the Earth\u2019s Surface Using ADAM (A Surface Reflectance Database for ESA\u2019s Earth Observation Missions)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1913-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Bacour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVELTIS, 31670 Lab\u00e8ge, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Marie","family":"Br\u00e9on","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement, LSCE\/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7072-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique\u2014LOA, CNRS, UMR 8518, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVELTIS, 31670 Lab\u00e8ge, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5077-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Peter","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Group, Mullard Space Sciences Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey RH56NT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Straume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency (ESA\/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, PB 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2288","article-title":"Land surface VIS\/NIR BRDF atlas for RTTOV-11: Model and validation against SEVIRI land SAF albedo product: Land Surface VIS\/NIR BRDF Atlas for RTTOV-11","volume":"140","author":"Vidot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. 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