{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:12:14Z","timestamp":1774030334010,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFB0504800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504800"]}]},{"name":"the Bureau of International Co-operation Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["181811KYSB20160040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181811KYSB20160040"]}]},{"name":"the Dragon 4 ESA-MOST Cooperation programme","award":["32426_1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32426_1"]}]},{"name":"The CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team","award":["null"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["null"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014132","name":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16ENV03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ENV03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2016YFF0200304, 2018YFB0504804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFF0200304, 2018YFB0504804"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vicarious calibration and validation techniques are important tools to ensure the long-term stability and inter-sensor consistency of satellite sensors making observations in the solar-reflective spectral domain. Automated test sites, which have continuous in situ monitoring of both ground reflectance and atmospheric conditions, can greatly increase the match-up possibilities for a wide range of space agency and commercial sensors. The Baotou calibration and validation test site in China provides operational high-accuracy and high-stability vicarious calibration and validation for high spatial resolution solar-reflective remote-sensing sensors. Two sites, given the abbreviations BTCN (an artificial site) and BSCN (a natural sandy site), have been selected as reference sites for the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites radiometric calibration network (RadCalNet). RadCalNet requires sites to provide data in a consistent format but does not specify the required operational conditions for a RadCalNet site. The two Baotou sites are the only sites to date that make spectral measurements for their continuous operation. One of the core principles of RadCalNet is that each site should have a metrologically rigorous uncertainty budget which also describes the site\u2019s traceability to the international system of units, the SI. This paper shows a formalized metrological approach to determining and documenting the uncertainty budget and traceability of a RadCalNet site. This approach follows the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The paper describes the uncertainty analysis for bottom-of-atmosphere and top-of-atmosphere reflectance in the spectral region from 400 to 1000 nm for the Baotou sites and gives preliminary results for the uncertainty propagating this to top-of-atmosphere reflectance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T12:36:58Z","timestamp":1590669418000},"page":"1696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Uncertainty Analysis for RadCalNet Instrumented Test Sites Using the Baotou Sites BTCN and BSCN as Examples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Yongguang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3517-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma R.","family":"Woolliams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Department, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK"}]},{"given":"Caihong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Optical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Yaokai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Optical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Xinhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Chuanrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11c37","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(87)90026-5","article-title":"Reflectanceand radiance-based methods for the in-flight absolute calibration of multi-spectral sensors","volume":"22","author":"Slater","year":"1987","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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