{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1767773314649,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41874033, 41704004,  41704027, 41664002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874033, 41704004,  41704027, 41664002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2018M630880, 2019T120687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M630880, 2019T120687"]}]},{"name":"the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2017GXNSFDA198016, 2017GXNSFBA198139, 2018GXNSFBA050005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017GXNSFDA198016, 2017GXNSFBA198139, 2018GXNSFBA050005"]}]},{"name":"the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics","award":["16-380-25-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-380-25-27"]}]},{"name":"the Middle-aged and Young Teachers' Basic Ability Promotion Project of Guangxi","award":["2017KY0267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017KY0267"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pressure, temperature, and water vapor pressure are basic meteorological parameters that are frequently required in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning\/navigation and GNSS meteorology. Although models like Global Pressure and Temperature (GPT) and Global Pressure and Temperature 2 wet (GPT2w) were developed for these demands, their spatial resolutions are lower than 0.75\u00b0 and temporal resolutions are below 6 h, which limits their achievement. The publication of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 hourly 0.25\u00b0 \u00d7 0.25\u00b0 data offers the opportunity to lift this limitation. In this work, the ERA5 surface data are used to evaluate the temporal variabilities of pressure, temperature, and water vapor pressure in the area of China. We characterize their diurnal variations using hourly data and take into account their geographical variations by 0.25\u00b0 \u00d7 0.25\u00b0 grids. In addition, we improve the height corrections for the three parameters employing the ERA5 pressure level data. Through these efforts, we build a new regional model named Chinese pressure, temperature, and water vapor pressure (CPTw), which has the advanced resolution of 0.25\u00b0 \u00d7 0.25\u00b0 and temporal resolution of 1 h. We evaluate the performance using ERA5 data and radiosonde data compared with the approved GPT2w model. Results demonstrate that the accuracies of the new model are superior to the GPT2w model in all meteorological parameters. The validation with the radiosonde data shows RMS for pressure, temperature, and water vapor pressure of the CPTw model is reduced by 14.1%, 25.8%, and 4.8%, compared with that of the GPT2w model. The new model catches especially well the diurnal changes in pressure, temperature, and water vapor pressure, which have never been realized before. Since the CPTw model can provide accurate empirical pressure, temperature, and water vapor pressure for any time and location in China and its surrounding areas, it can not only meet the need of empirical meteorological parameters in real-time geodetic applications like GNSS positioning and navigation, but it is also useful for GNSS meteorology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T12:36:58Z","timestamp":1590669418000},"page":"1713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Refined Regional Model for Estimating Pressure, Temperature, and Water Vapor Pressure for Geodetic Applications in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9820-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7723-4601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Lilong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Zhangyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1029\/RS020i006p01593","article-title":"Geodesy by radio interferometry: Effects of atmospheric modeling errors on estimates of baseline length","volume":"20","author":"Davis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23303","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027706","article-title":"Impact of a priori zenith hydrostatic delay errors on GPS estimates of station heights and zenith total delays","volume":"33","author":"Tregoning","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. 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