{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:57:11Z","timestamp":1770908231863,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NAI4NOS4190145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAI4NOS4190145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA19NOS0120199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA19NOS0120199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1728913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1728913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1043681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1043681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15559691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15559691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX14AP62A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX14AP62A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In September of 2017, Hurricane Irma made landfall within the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve of southwest Florida (USA) as a category 3 storm with winds in excess of 200 km h\u22121. We mapped the extent of the hurricane\u2019s impact on coastal land cover with a seasonal time series of satellite imagery. Very high-resolution (i.e., &lt;5 m pixel) satellite imagery has proven effective to map wetland ecosystems, but challenges in data acquisition and storage, algorithm training, and image processing have prevented large-scale and time-series mapping of these data. We describe our approach to address these issues to evaluate Rookery Bay ecosystem damage and recovery using 91 WorldView-2 satellite images collected between 2010 and 2018 mapped using automated techniques and validated with a field campaign. Land cover was classified seasonally at 2 m resolution (i.e., healthy mangrove, degraded mangrove, upland, soil, and water) with an overall accuracy of 82%. Digital change detection methods show that hurricane-related degradation was 17% of mangrove forest (~5 km2). Approximately 35% (1.7 km2) of this loss recovered one year after Hurricane Irma. The approach completed the mapping approximately 200 times faster than existing methods, illustrating the ease with which regional high-resolution mapping may be accomplished efficiently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T12:36:58Z","timestamp":1590669418000},"page":"1740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Automated High-Resolution Time Series Mapping of Mangrove Forests Damaged by Hurricane Irma in Southwest Florida"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7974-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Marine Remote Sensing, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. South, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}]},{"given":"Brita","family":"Jessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 300 Tower Rd, Naples, FL 34113, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tatenda, Inc., 5800 SW 188th Ave., Southwest Ranches, FL 33332, USA"}]},{"given":"Marissa","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 300 Tower Rd, Naples, FL 34113, USA"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 300 Tower Rd, Naples, FL 34113, USA"},{"name":"Center for Coastal Oceans Research, Institute of Water and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}]},{"given":"Tylar","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Marine Remote Sensing, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. South, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 300 Tower Rd, Naples, FL 34113, USA"},{"name":"Center for Coastal Oceans Research, Institute of Water and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-5011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank E.","family":"Muller-Karger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Marine Remote Sensing, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. South, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1071\/MF14173","article-title":"How much wetland has the world lost? 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