{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T09:56:46Z","timestamp":1769939806005,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Colorado State University Agricultural Experiment Station","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Extension, Force-A","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Real-time fluoro-sensing is a promising crop sensing technology to support variable-rate nutrient management for precision agricultural practices. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of fluoro-sensing to detect the variability of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) in the crop canopy at the early growth stages of maize (before the V6 crop growth stage). This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions in pots filled with silica sand, and maize plants were supplied with modified Hoagland\u2019s solution with different rates of N and K. Sensor readings were collected using a Multiplex\u00ae3 fluorescence sensor and analyzed using ANOVA (analysis of variance) to test differences in crop response to nutrient rates. Regression analysis was used to assess the ability of fluorescence sensor-based indices to estimate N and K in the crop canopy. The results of this study indicate that all fluorescence indices under consideration enabled the detection of N variability in the maize canopy prior to the V2 crop growth stage. The NBI_B (nitrogen balance index blue) index enabled N uptake detection (R2 = 0.99) as early as the V2 crop growth stage. However, the fluorescence indices failed to identify K deficiency, as the maize plants with K treatments showed little to no variability of this nutrient at early crop growth stages as measured by plant tissue analysis. The results present a tremendous opportunity to assess N uptake at early growth stages of maize for precision nitrogen application. We recommend using fluorescence sensor-based NBI_B or NBI_R (Nitrogen balance index red) for early detection of nitrogen uptake in maize for precision nitrogen management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1591089567000},"page":"1752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Use of Fluorescence Sensing to Detect Nitrogen and Potassium Variability in Maize"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1170, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4761-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Longchamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0548-9103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subash","family":"Dahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1170, USA"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Khosla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1170, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2004.1572","article-title":"Economic feasibility of variable-rate nitrogen application utilizing site-specific management zones","volume":"96","author":"Koch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agron. 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