{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T11:33:30Z","timestamp":1774524810610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[NO. 2018YFA0606404-03]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[NO. 2018YFA0606404-03]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["[NO. XDA2009000001]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[NO. XDA2009000001]"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["[NO. lzujbky-2019-it27, lzujbky-2020-71]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[NO. lzujbky-2019-it27, lzujbky-2020-71]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since other factors (soil properties, topography, etc.) under natural conditions are relatively invariant over one or two decades, climate variables (precipitation and temperature) and human activities are the two fundamental factors driving vegetation changes in global or large-scale areas. However, the combined effects of either single climatic factor and human activities on vegetation changes and the role of human activities itself in a specific region has not been fully discussed. In this study, the Hexi region, a typical dryland consisting of three inland river basins in northwest China was selected as a case area. A new classification framework combining Pearson correlation analysis and residual trend approach was proposed to assess their individual and conjoint contributions of climate variables and human activities in areas of significant vegetation changes. Our results indicated that most of vegetation covered areas in the Hexi region experienced significant changes during the period 2001\u22122017, and vegetation improvements were widespread except the interior of oases; significant changes in vegetation caused by human activities, precipitation, the interactions of precipitation and human activities, temperature, the interactions of temperature and human activities, the interactions of temperature and precipitation, and the interactions of the three factors accounted for 50.46%, 16.39%, 19.90%, 4.33%, 2.32%, 2.11%, and 4.49% of the total change areas, respectively. Generally, the influence of temperature was relatively weaker than that of precipitation, and the contributions of the interactions of climate variables and human activities on vegetation changes were greater than that of climate contributions alone. Moreover, the results of various investigations, according to the trends and the time of vegetation changes, indicate that decreasing trends of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the Hexi region were chiefly attributed to the adjustments of agricultural planting structure while the comprehensive treatment programs implemented in river basins supported a large proportion of vegetation improvements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1591089567000},"page":"1758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Driving Factors of Recent Vegetation Changes in Hexi Region, Northwest China Based on a New Classification Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ju","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Environment Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaowen","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Environment Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, Ministry of Education (MOE), Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Environment Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, Ministry of Education (MOE), Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Environment Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of earth observation based global long term vegetation trends\u2014comparing GIMMS and MODIS global NDVI time series","volume":"119","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"642","article-title":"Trend changes in global greening and browning: Contribution of short-term trends to longer-term change","volume":"18","author":"Verbesselt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-007-0339-5","article-title":"Terrestrial vegetation dynamics and global climate controls","volume":"31","author":"Potter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7157","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02138","article-title":"Global vegetation cover changes from coarse resolution satellite data","volume":"101","author":"Nemani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000101675","article-title":"Review ArticleDigital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring: A review","volume":"25","author":"Coppin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"145","article-title":"An overview of researches in relations between vegetation and climate based on remote sensing (in Chinese with English Abstract)","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Northeast Norm. Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1337","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variations in the climate controls of vegetation dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau during 1982\u20132011","volume":"35","author":"Hua","year":"2018","journal-title":"AdAtS"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010007033","article-title":"Spatial patterns of NDVI in response to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2016.08.038","article-title":"Using the NDVI to identify variations in, and responses of, vegetation to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau from 1982 to 2012","volume":"444","author":"Pang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Deng, C. (2006). Research on Vegetation Changing and Reaction to Climate in Northwest China in the Past 22 years (in Chinese with English Abstract). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Lanzhou University]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.049","article-title":"NDVI indicated long-term interannual changes in vegetation activities and their responses to climatic and anthropogenic factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China","volume":"574","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-016-0046-3","article-title":"Spatial-temporal dynamics of desert vegetation and its responses to climatic variations over the last three decades: A case study of Hexi region in Northwest China","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-016-2801-3","article-title":"Impacts of climate change and human activities on the aboveground production in alpine grasslands: A case study of the source region of the Yellow River, China","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"204","article-title":"Analysis of the vegetation cover change and the relationship between NDVI and environmental factors by using NOAA time series data (in Chinese with English Abstract)","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"155","article-title":"The study on driving factors and models of NDVI change based on remote sensing and GIS in China (in Chinese with English Abstract)","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clim. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0088(200007)20:9<955::AID-JOC512>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Relationships between meridional profiles of satellite-derived vegetation index (NDVI) and climate over Siberia","volume":"20","author":"Suzuki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082750","article-title":"Climate-Driven Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 1982 to 1999","volume":"300","author":"Nemani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.145","article-title":"Long-term trend and correlation between vegetation greenness and climate variables in Asia based on satellite data","volume":"618","author":"Lamchin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.05.033","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes of vegetation and their responses to temperature and precipitation in upper Shiyang river basin","volume":"60","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.11.013","article-title":"Changes in global vegetation activity and its driving factors during 1982\u20132013","volume":"249","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s100219900016","article-title":"Contrasting Climatic Controls on the Estimated Productivity of Global Terrestrial Biomes","volume":"1","author":"Churkina","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.017","article-title":"Greenness in semi-arid areas across the globe 1981\u20132007\u2014an Earth Observing Satellite based analysis of trends and drivers","volume":"121","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.12.007","article-title":"Responses of vegetation to climatic variations in the desert region of northern China","volume":"175","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10243","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70810243","article-title":"Responses of Natural Vegetation Dynamics to Climate Drivers in China from 1982 to 2011","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.11.017","article-title":"Large-scale detection of vegetation dynamics and their potential drivers using MODIS images and BFAST: A case study in Quebec, Canada","volume":"206","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.182","article-title":"Trend shifts in satellite-derived vegetation growth in Central Eurasia, 1982\u20132013","volume":"579","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, Q., Yang, L., Pan, N., Lin, J., Xu, C., Wang, F., and Liu, Z. (2018). Greening and Browning of the Hexi Corridor in Northwest China: Spatial Patterns and Responses to Climatic Variability and Anthropogenic Drivers. Remote. Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081270"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"716","article-title":"Variation in NDVI driven by climate factors across China, 1983-1992 (in Chinese with English Abstract)","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)31362-4","article-title":"Rain use efficiency\u2014A unifying concept in arid-land ecology","volume":"7","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(03)00121-6","article-title":"Discrimination between climate and human-induced dryland degradation","volume":"57","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.03.029","article-title":"What drives the vegetation restoration in Yangtze River basin, China: Climate change or anthropogenic factors?","volume":"90","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Yamaguchi, Y., and Arjasakusuma, S. (2018). Distinguishing the vegetation dynamics induced by anthropogenic factors using vegetation optical depth and AVHRR NDVI: A cross-border study on the Mongolian Plateau. Sci. Total Environ., 730\u2013743.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.253"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Xie, B. (2016). Vegetation Dynamics and Climate Change on the Loess Plateau, China: 1982\u20132014 (in Chinese with English Abstract). [Ph.D. Thesis, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.05.015","article-title":"Can human-induced land degradation be distinguished from the effects of rainfall variability? A case study in South Africa","volume":"68","author":"Wessels","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.022","article-title":"Limits to detectability of land degradation by trend analysis of vegetation index data","volume":"125","author":"Wessels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuenzer, C., Dech, S., and Wagner, W. (2015). Remote Sensing Time Series Revealing Land Surface Dynamics: Status Quo and the Pathway Ahead, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15967-6"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105504","article-title":"Assessing the effects of climate variation and human activities on grassland degradation and restoration across the globe","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.503","article-title":"Grassland dynamics in responses to climate variation and human activities in China from 2000 to 2013","volume":"690","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.08.043","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the individual contribution of climate and human factors to desertification in northwest China using net primary productivity as an indicator","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.058","article-title":"Disentangling the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on arid and semiarid grasslands in Central Asia during 1982\u20132015","volume":"653","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Xu, D. (2009). Quantitative Assessment of the Relative Role of Climate Change and Human Activities in Sandy Desertification\u2014A Case Study in Ordos Plateau, China (in Chinese with English Abstract). [Ph.D. Thesis, Nanjing Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"51","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the impact of climate change and human activities on grassland ecosystem NPP in Xinjiang (in Chinese with English Abstract)","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Univ. Chin. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"48","article-title":"Recent advances in driving mechanisms of climate and anthropogenic factors on vegetation change (in Chinese with English Abstract)","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.014","article-title":"Driving forces of recent vegetation changes in the Sahel: Lessons learned from regional and local level analyses","volume":"191","author":"Leroux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"National Science & Technology Infrastructure (2019, May 12). Multi-Year Monthly Averaged Meteorological Gridded Datasets. Available online: http:\/\/www.cnern.org.cn."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/514434c","article-title":"Open access to Earth land-cover map","volume":"514","author":"Jun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Didan, K., Munoz, A.B., Solano, R., and Huete, A. (2019, May 12). MODIS Vegetation Index User\u2019s Guide (MOD13 Series) Version 3.00 (Collection 6). Available online: https:\/\/vip.arizona.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krivoruchko, K. (2019, May 12). Empirical Bayesian Kriging Implemented in ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst. Available online: http:\/\/www.esri.com\/NEWS\/ARCUSER\/1012\/files\/ebk.pdf.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2019.100368"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Xie, Y., Wang, X.Y., Dong, J., and Bie, Q. (2019). Detecting Patterns of Vegetation Gradual Changes (2001\u20132017) in Shiyang River Basin, Based on a Novel Framework. Remote. Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212475"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70505471","article-title":"Land Degradation Assessment Using Residual Trend Analysis of GIMMS NDVI3g, Soil Moisture and Rainfall in Sub-Saharan West Africa from 1982 to 2012","volume":"7","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.09.016","article-title":"Quantification of aboveground rangeland productivity and anthropogenic degradation on the Arabian Peninsula using Landsat imagery and field inventory data","volume":"115","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.05.018","article-title":"Detecting dryland degradation using Time Series Segmentation and Residual Trend analysis (TSS-RESTREND)","volume":"197","author":"Burrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6657","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-6657-2013","article-title":"Global changes in dryland vegetation dynamics (1988\u20132008) assessed by satellite remote sensing: Comparing a new passive microwave vegetation density record with reflective greenness data","volume":"10","author":"Andela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.07.063","article-title":"Anthropogenic contributions dominate trends of vegetation cover change over the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and responses to climate change and human activities in Central Asia","volume":"599","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954231","article-title":"Modelling relationships between NDVI and precipitation during vegetative growth cycles","volume":"15","author":"Di","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Bie, Q., Lu, H., and He, L. (2018). Spatio-Temporal Changes of Oases in the Hexi Corridor over the Past 30 Years. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124489"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.177","article-title":"The critical role of local policy effects in arid watershed groundwater resources sustainability: A case study in the Minqin oasis, China","volume":"601","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"106","article-title":"Temporal saptial evolution and driving force analysis of Minqin Oasis during 1987\u20132017 (in Chinese with English Abstract)","volume":"38","author":"Diao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Zhang, G. (2020, March 04). Muskmelon Plannting Improved People\u2019s life. Gansu Daily 2012. Available online: http:\/\/gsrb.gansudaily.com.cn\/system\/2012\/07\/24\/012616591.shtml."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Wang, G. (2020, March 04). The Achievements in the Program of Returning Grazing Land to Natural Grass. Zhangye Daily 2006. Available online: http:\/\/zy.gansudaily.com.cn\/system\/2006\/11\/10\/010180113.shtml."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Bao, L. (2016). On grassland protections in a pasturing area. Agric. Dev. Equlpment, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Mei, S. (2020, March 04). The Achievements of the Treatment Programs of Shiyang River Basins in the Headstream Areas. Wuwei Daily 2011. Available online: http:\/\/wwrb.gansudaily.com.cn\/system\/2011\/05\/31\/012013603.shtml."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"101","article-title":"Dynamics of vegetation and its response to climatic factors in Pan-Hexi region (in Chinese with English Abstract)","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"77","article-title":"Spatial-temporal variation of vegetation cover in Shule River Valler during 2000\u20132014 (in Chinese with English Abstract)","volume":"32","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ecol. Rural Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Zhang, L. (2017). On Vegetation Cover Change and Its Influencing Factors in Typical Inland River Basin of Northwest Ecological Environment Fragile Regions (in Chinese with English Abstract). [Ph.D. Thesis, Lanzhou Jiaotong University]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.210","article-title":"Combined effects of climate and land management on watershed vegetation dynamics in an arid environment","volume":"589","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509645112","article-title":"On regreening and degradation in Sahelian watersheds","volume":"112","author":"Prihodko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02687.x","article-title":"Sensitivity of mean annual primary production to precipitation","volume":"18","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00138369","article-title":"A comparison of the vegetation response to rainfall in the Sahel and East Africa, using normalized difference vegetation index from NOAA AVHRR","volume":"17","author":"Nicholson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.01.029","article-title":"Understanding the spatiotemporal variation of urban land expansion in oasis cities by integrating remote sensing and multi-dimensional DPSIR-based indicators","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.05.036","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and responses to recent climate change in Xinjiang using leaf area index as an indicator","volume":"58","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.12.030","article-title":"Public perception of an ecological rehabilitation project in inland river basins in northern China: Success or failure","volume":"139","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.037","article-title":"Ecological effects and potential risks of the water diversion project in the Heihe River Basin","volume":"619","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-5791(08)60054-8","article-title":"Hysteresis Effect of Runoff of the Heihe River on Vegetation Cover in the Ejina Oasis in Northwestern China","volume":"15","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Front."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqpro.2014.07.005","article-title":"Environmental Restoration in the Shiyang River Basin, China: Conservation, Reallocation and More Efficient Use of Water","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquat. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporal-spatial characteristics of vegetation change in Shiyang River Basin during 2001 to 2018 and its implication for intergrated watershed management (in Chinese with English Abstract)","volume":"41","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Hu, Q., and Zhang, Z. (2020, March 04). The Seventh Report on the Comprehensive Treatment Program of Shiyang River Basin. Wuwei Daily 2007. Available online: http:\/\/ww.gansudaily.com.cn\/system\/2007\/05\/29\/010363124.shtml."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"73","article-title":"The effectiveness and strategies of the treatment program of Shiyang river basin in the headstream areas","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluation the effectiveness of short-term treatment program of Heihe river basin in the upstream areas","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Yellow River"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2016.09.003","article-title":"Changes in ecosystem services associated with planting structures of cropland: A case study in Minle County in China","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth\tParts A\/B\/C"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1758\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:33:50Z","timestamp":1760175230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12111758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12111758","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]}}}