{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T04:44:25Z","timestamp":1764996265008,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-099008-B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099008-B-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d\u2019Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","award":["FI-DGR 2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI-DGR 2015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MDM-2016-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDM-2016-060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As compared to GPS L1C\/A signals, L5\/E5a Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) improves the spatial resolution due to the narrower auto-correlation function. Furthermore, the larger transmitted power (+3 dB), and correlation gain (+10 dB) allow the reception of weaker reflected signals. If directive antennas are used, very short incoherent integration times are enough to achieve good signal-to-noise ratios, allowing the reception of multiple specular reflection points without the blurring induced by long incoherent integration times. This study presents for the first time experimental evidence of the wind and swell waves signatures in the GNSS-R waveforms, and it performs a statistical analysis, a time-domain analysis, and a frequency-domain analysis for a unique data set of waveforms collected by the UPC MIR instrument during a series of flights over the Bass Strait, Australia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1591089567000},"page":"1759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Experimental Evidence of Swell Signatures in Airborne L5\/E5a GNSS-Reflectometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6441-6676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan Francesc","family":"Munoz-Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab\u2014UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, and IEEC\/CTE-UPC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6636-1587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Onrubia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab\u2014UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, and IEEC\/CTE-UPC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-2415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab\u2014UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, and IEEC\/CTE-UPC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0031-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab\u2014UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, and IEEC\/CTE-UPC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9514-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Camps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab\u2014UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, and IEEC\/CTE-UPC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4375-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"R\u00fcdiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4817-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9186-6867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Monerris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2014.2374220","article-title":"Tutorial on Remote Sensing Using GNSS Bistatic Radar of Opportunity","volume":"2","author":"Zavorotny","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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(2020, March 14). Waves, Available online: http:\/\/www.bom.gov.au\/marine\/knowledge-centre\/reference\/waves.shtml."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1759\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:33:51Z","timestamp":1760175231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12111759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12111759","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]}}}