{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T10:16:52Z","timestamp":1784629012405,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]],"date-time":"2020-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K13262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K13262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The formulation of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) was a major leap forward in humankind\u2019s quest for a sustainable future, which likely began in the 17th century, when declining forest resources in Europe led to proposals for the re-establishment and conservation of forests, a strategy that embodies the great idea that the current generation bears responsibility for future generations. Global progress toward SDG fulfillment is monitored by 231 unique social-ecological indicators spread across 169 targets, and remote sensing (RS) provides Earth observation data, directly or indirectly, for 30 (18%) of these indicators. Unfortunately, the UN Global Sustainable Development Report 2019\u2014The Future is Now: Science for Achieving Sustainable Development concluded that, despite initial efforts, the world is not yet on track for achieving most of the SDG targets. Meanwhile, through the EO4SDG initiative by the Group on Earth Observations, the full potential of RS for SDG monitoring is now being explored at a global scale. As of April 2020, preliminary statistical data were available for 21 (70%) of the 30 RS-based SDG indicators, according to the Global SDG Indicators Database. Ten (33%) of the RS-based SDG indicators have also been included in the SDG Index and Dashboards found in the Sustainable Development Report 2019\u2014Transformations to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. These statistics, however, do not necessarily reflect the actual status and availability of raw and processed geospatial data for the RS-based indicators, which remains an important issue. Nevertheless, various initiatives have been started to address the need for open access data. RS data can also help in the development of other potentially relevant complementary indicators or sub-indicators. By doing so, they can help meet one of the current challenges of SDG monitoring, which is how best to operationalize the SDG indicators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1591089567000},"page":"1770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["A Review of the Sustainability Concept and the State of SDG Monitoring Using Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9681-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Estoque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987). Our Common Future, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UN General Assembly (2020, March 19). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/indicators\/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202020%20review_Eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"UN IAEG-SDGs (2020, March 19). Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/indicators\/GlobalIndicatorFrameworkafter2020review_Eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"UN General Assembly (2020, March 19). Work of the Statistical Commission Pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017. Available online: https:\/\/undocs.org\/A\/RES\/71\/313."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892900011449","article-title":"The concept of sustainable economic development","volume":"14","author":"Barbier","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2307\/41165746","article-title":"Towards the sustainable corporation: Win-win-win business strategies for sustainable development","volume":"36","author":"Elkington","year":"1994","journal-title":"Calif. Manage. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkington, J. (1997). Cannibals with Forks. The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business, Capston, Publishing Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/tqem.3310080106"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.02.031","article-title":"Social-ecological status index: A preliminary study of its structural composition and application","volume":"43","author":"Estoque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.08.047","article-title":"A worldwide country-based assessment of social-ecological status (c. 2010) using the social-ecological status index","volume":"72","author":"Estoque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15181","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702288104","article-title":"A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas","volume":"104","author":"Ostrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172133","article-title":"A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems","volume":"325","author":"Ostrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-06387-190230","article-title":"Social-ecological system framework: Initial changes and continuing","volume":"19","author":"McGinnis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01874899","article-title":"Environmental and sustainability indicators and the concept of situational indicators. A systems approach","volume":"1","author":"Gallopin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Assess."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2009.09.009","article-title":"What are indicators? On the definition of indicators in ecology and environmental planning","volume":"10","author":"Heink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan, A.J., and Turnpenny, J.R. (2015). Indicators: Tools for informing, monitoring or controlling?. The Tools of Policy Formulation: Actors, Capacities, Venues and Effects. New Horizons in Public Policy, Edward Elgar.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781783477043.00026"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Estoque, R.C. (2011). GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis in Natural Resource Management, University of Tsukuba."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-019-01231-1","article-title":"Proposal for a national blueprint framework to monitor progress on water-related Sustainable Development Goals in Europe","volume":"65","author":"Essex","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5194\/sapiens-1-59-2008","article-title":"Sustainable development indicators: A scientific challenge, a democratic issue","volume":"1","author":"Boulanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Perspect. Integrating Environ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31791-3","article-title":"Measuring progress towards the SDGs \u2014 A new vital science","volume":"388","author":"Maurice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"UN IAEG-SDGs (2020, May 02). Tier Classification for Global SDG Indicators (as of 17 April 2020). Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/iaeg-sdgs\/tier-classification\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"UN Statistics Division (2020, March 19). SDG Indicators. Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/indicators\/indicators-list\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"WGGI (Working Group on Geospatial Information) (2019). Terms of Reference, Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2017.1333230","article-title":"Earth observation in service of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Paganini, M., Petiteville, I., Ward, S., Dyke, G., Steventon, M., Harry, J., and Kerblat, F. (2018). Satellite Earth Observations in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals: The CEOS Earth Observation Handbook, The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites and the European Space Agency. Special 2018 Edition."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"GEO (2019). EO4SDG: Earth Observations in Service of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Strategic Implementation Plan 2020\u20132024, Group on Earth Observations."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x","article-title":"A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies","volume":"26","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Inf. Libr. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01965413","article-title":"The evolution of sustainability","volume":"5","author":"Kidd","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Agric. Environ. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Grober, U. (2007). Deep Roots: A Conceptual History of \u201cSustainable Development\u201d (Nachhaltigkeit), Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin f\u00fcr Sozialforschung (WZB). WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 2007-002."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warde, P. (2018). The Invention of Sustainability: Nature and Destiny, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316584767"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-018-0627-5","article-title":"Three pillars of sustainability: In search of conceptual origins","volume":"14","author":"Purvis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/15693430600688831","article-title":"Sustainable development \u2013 historical roots of the concept","volume":"3","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IUCN (1980). World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development, IUCN-UNEP-WWF.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.1980.9.en"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.162.3859.1243","article-title":"The tragedy of the commons","volume":"162","author":"Hardin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4051.762","article-title":"The tropical rain forest: A nonrenewable resource","volume":"177","author":"Guevara","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1126\/science.197.4307.960","article-title":"How much are nature\u2019s services worth?","volume":"197","author":"Westman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P.R., and Ehrlich, A.H. (1981). Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species, Random House."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02240292","article-title":"Environmental functions as a unifying concept for ecology and economics","volume":"7","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environmentalist"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2009.11.007","article-title":"The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: From early notions to markets and payment schemes","volume":"69","author":"Lomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2014.11.002","article-title":"The IPBES conceptual framework - connecting nature and people","volume":"14","author":"Diaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8826","article-title":"Assessing nature\u2019s contributions to people","volume":"359","author":"Diaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Daily, G.C. (1997). Nature\u2019s Services. Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-014-0498-7","article-title":"Measuring sustainability based upon various perspectives: A case study of a hill station in Southeast Asia","volume":"43","author":"Estoque","year":"2014","journal-title":"AMBIO"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Costanza, R. (1991). Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability, Columbia University Press."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2004.02.012","article-title":"The early history of modern ecological economics","volume":"50","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/095624789200400212","article-title":"Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out","volume":"4","author":"Rees","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Urban."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059386","article-title":"Sustainability science","volume":"292","author":"Kates","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"NRC USA (1999). Our Common Journey: A Transition Toward Sustainability, Athens Center of Ekistics."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03180-140232","article-title":"Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity","volume":"14","author":"Steffen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-013-9894-9","article-title":"Landscape sustainability science: Ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"UN General Assembly (2020, March 19). The Future We Want. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 27 July 2012. Available online: https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/futurewewant.html."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/096327199400300301","article-title":"\u201cSustainable development\u201d: Is it a useful concept?","volume":"3","author":"Beckerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Values"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/13549830601183289","article-title":"Mapping sustainable development as a contested concept","volume":"12","author":"Connelly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Local Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Bell, S., and Morse, S. (2008). Sustainability Indicators: Measuring the Immeasurable, Earthscan."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1108\/17465680910994227","article-title":"Sustainable development: A vague and ambiguous \u201ctheory\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Pesqueux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.1885","article-title":"Analysis of meanings of the concept of sustainability","volume":"27","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"49","article-title":"On Wilfred Beckerman\u2019s critique of sustainable development","volume":"4","author":"Daly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Values"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njoku, E.G. (2014). Remote sensing, historical perspective. Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, Springer Science+Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-36699-9"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667909491887","article-title":"What is a picture worth? A history of remote sensing\/ Quelle est la valeur d\u2019une image? Un tour d\u2019horizon de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection","volume":"24","author":"Moore","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andries, A., Morse, S., Murphy, R.J., Lynch, J., and Woolliams, E.R. (2019). Seeing sustainability from space: Using Earth observation data to populate the UN Sustainable Development Goal indicators. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11185062"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, Q. (2016). Remote Sensing for Sustainability, CRS Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315371931"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03023969","article-title":"Remote sensing for sustainable development","volume":"19","author":"Rao","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244693","article-title":"High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change","volume":"342","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.01.007","article-title":"Remote sensing of ecosystem services: A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09646-4","article-title":"The future of Southeast Asia\u2019s forests","volume":"10","author":"Estoque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0411-9","article-title":"Global land change from 1982 to 2016","volume":"560","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0220-7","article-title":"China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00071-5","article-title":"From space to species: Ecological applications for remote sensing","volume":"18","author":"Kerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9647","DOI":"10.3390\/s101109647","article-title":"Remote sensing of ecology, biodiversity and conservation: A review from the perspective of remote sensing specialists","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-03924-9","article-title":"Ecology\u2019s remote-sensing evolution","volume":"556","author":"Kwok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2019.03.006","article-title":"Landscape ecology development supported by geospatial technologies: A review","volume":"51","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1708(02)00065-9","article-title":"Remote sensing in hydrology","volume":"25","author":"Schmugge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5495","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073642","article-title":"L band microwave remote sensing and land data assimilation improve the representation of prestorm soil moisture conditions for hydrologic forecasting","volume":"44","author":"Crow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/met.288","article-title":"Satellite based remote sensing of weather and climate: Recent achievements and future perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Thies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1908","article-title":"The role of satellite remote sensing in climate change studies","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00079-8","article-title":"Thermal remote sensing of urban climates","volume":"86","author":"Voogt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.11.005","article-title":"Estimation of land surface temperature-vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies","volume":"89","author":"Weng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.03.007","article-title":"Thermal infrared remote sensing for urban climate and environmental studies: Methods, applications, and trends","volume":"64","author":"Weng","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.09.008","article-title":"Monitoring surface urban heat island formation in a tropical mountain city using Landsat data (1987\u20132015)","volume":"133","author":"Estoque","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.195","article-title":"Effects of landscape composition and pattern on land surface temperature: An urban heat island study in the megacities of Southeast Asia","volume":"577","author":"Estoque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004","article-title":"Object based image analysis for remote sensing","volume":"65","author":"Blaschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.017","article-title":"Per-pixel vs. object-based classification of urban land cover extraction using high spatial resolution imagery","volume":"115","author":"Myint","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.030","article-title":"Remote sensing of impervious surfaces in the urban areas: Requirements, methods, and trends","volume":"117","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.09.014","article-title":"Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis\u2014Towards a new paradigm","volume":"87","author":"Blaschke","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.03.037","article-title":"Classification and change detection of built-up lands from Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat- 8 OLI\/TIRS imageries: A comparative assessment of various spectral indices","volume":"56","author":"Estoque","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.03.016","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of particulate matter and air quality assessment over global cities","volume":"40","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.018","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of surface air quality","volume":"42","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0603.000301","article-title":"Remote sensing and human health: New sensors and new opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Beck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2009.7","article-title":"Use of land surface remotely sensed satellite and airborne data for environmental exposure assessment in cancer research","volume":"20","author":"Maxwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A268","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.122-A268","article-title":"Remote-sensing applications for environmental health","volume":"122","author":"Seltenrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15218-8","article-title":"Heat health risk assessment in Philippine cities using remotely sensed data and social-ecological indicators","volume":"11","author":"Estoque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133309339563","article-title":"A review of the status of satellite remote sensing and image processing techniques for mapping natural hazards and disasters","volume":"33","author":"Joyce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.09.015","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing for disaster management support: A holistic and staged approach based on case studies in Sentinel Asia","volume":"33","author":"Kaku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084013","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/8\/084013","article-title":"Using satellite data to develop environmental indicators","volume":"9","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"102068","article-title":"Knowledge generation using satellite earth observations to support sustainable development goals (SDG): A use case on Land degradation","volume":"88","author":"Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Adams, B.B., and Judd, K. (2019). Global Indicator Framework for SDGs: Value Added or Time to Start Over?, Global Policy Forum."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Sachs, J., Schmidt-Traub, G., Kroll, C., Lafortune, G., and Fuller, G. (2019). Sustainable Development Report 2019. Transformations to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: Includes the SDG Index and Dashboards, Bertelsmann Stiftung and Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General (2019). Global Sustainable Development Report 2019: The Future is Now\u2014Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"FAO (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How are the World\u2019s Forests Changing?, UN Food and Agriculture Organization. [second ed.]."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111428","article-title":"Challenges for remote sensing of the Sustainable Development Goal SDG 15.3.1 productivity indicator","volume":"234","author":"Prince","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111671","article-title":"Mapping nature\u2019s contribution to SDG 6 and implications for other SDGs at policy relevant scales","volume":"239","author":"Mulligan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812969116","article-title":"Socioecologically informed use of remote sensing data to predict rural household poverty","volume":"116","author":"Watmough","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.02.012","article-title":"Slavery from Space: Demonstrating the role for satellite remote sensing to inform evidence-based action related to UN SDG number 8","volume":"142","author":"Boyd","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.12595","article-title":"The big (data) bang: Opportunities and challenges for compiling SDG indicators","volume":"10","author":"Macfeely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Policy"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000632","article-title":"A systematic study of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) interactions","volume":"5","author":"Pradhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2017.05.030","article-title":"A rapid assessment of co-benefits and trade-offs among Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"93","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-019-0335-5","article-title":"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Are we successful in turning trade-offs into synergies?","volume":"5","author":"Kroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Palgrave Commun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2019.05.022","article-title":"Tracking the SDGs in an \u2018integrated\u2019 manner: A proposal for a new index to capture synergies and trade-offs between and within goals","volume":"122","author":"Biggeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1846-3","article-title":"Assessing progress towards sustainable development over space and time","volume":"577","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Pettorelli, N., Schulte toB\u00fchne, H., Shapiro, A.C., and Glover-Kapfer, P. (2018). Satellite Remote Sensing for Conservation, World Wide Fund for Nature."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"USGS (2020, March 19). What Are the Band Designations for the Landsat Satellites?, Available online: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/faqs\/what-are-band-designations-landsat-satellites?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Airbus Intelligence (2020, March 19). SPOT Image: Spot Satellite Technical Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.intelligence-airbusds.com\/files\/pmedia\/public\/r329_9_spotsatellitetechnicaldata_en_sept2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"EO Portal Directory (2020, March 19). Satellite Missions Database. Available online: https:\/\/directory.eoportal.org\/web\/eoportal\/satellite-missions."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"NOAA (2020, March 19). AVHRR, Available online: https:\/\/www.avl.class.noaa.gov\/release\/data_available\/avhrr\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"USGS (2020, March 19). AST_L1T Product User\u2019s Guide, Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/documents\/71\/AST_L1T_User_Guide_V3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"NASA MODIS (2020, March 19). Specifications, Available online: https:\/\/modis.gsfc.nasa.gov\/about\/specifications.php."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"ESA (European Space Agency) Earth Online (2020, March 19). Earth Observation Information Discovery Platform. Available online: https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/eogateway."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Sentinel Online (2020, March 19). User Guides Introduction. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/web\/sentinel\/user-guides."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2020, March 19). JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) Earth Observation Research Center. Available online: https:\/\/www.eorc.jaxa.jp\/en\/index.html."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1770\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:34:18Z","timestamp":1760175258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12111770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12111770","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]]}}}