{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T03:36:42Z","timestamp":1771472202250,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC18K0837, 80NSSC18K0778 , 80NSSC20K0662, NNX17AH54G, NNX16AH76G, 80NSSC19K1256, 80NSSC19K0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0837, 80NSSC18K0778 , 80NSSC20K0662, NNX17AH54G, NNX16AH76G, 80NSSC19K1256, 80NSSC19K0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PLR-1425989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLR-1425989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100007298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100007298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA19OAR4310376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA19OAR4310376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005991","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005991","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent results using wind and sea surface temperature data from satellites and high-resolution coupled models suggest that mesoscale ocean\u2013atmosphere interactions affect the locations and evolution of storms and seasonal precipitation over continental regions such as the western US and Europe. The processes responsible for this coupling are difficult to verify due to the paucity of accurate air\u2013sea turbulent heat and moisture flux data. These fluxes are currently derived by combining satellite measurements that are not coincident and have differing and relatively low spatial resolutions, introducing sampling errors that are largest in regions with high spatial and temporal variability. Observational errors related to sensor design also contribute to increased uncertainty. Leveraging recent advances in sensor technology, we here describe a satellite mission concept, FluxSat, that aims to simultaneously measure all variables necessary for accurate estimation of ocean\u2013atmosphere turbulent heat and moisture fluxes and capture the effect of oceanic mesoscale forcing. Sensor design is expected to reduce observational errors of the latent and sensible heat fluxes by almost 50%. FluxSat will improve the accuracy of the fluxes at spatial scales critical to understanding the coupled ocean\u2013atmosphere boundary layer system, providing measurements needed to improve weather forecasts and climate model simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T04:12:09Z","timestamp":1591157529000},"page":"1796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["FluxSat: Measuring the Ocean\u2013Atmosphere Turbulent Exchange of Heat and Moisture from Space"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chelle L.","family":"Gentemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Farallon Institute, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA"},{"name":"Earth and Space Research, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}]},{"given":"Carol Anne","family":"Clayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9817-2908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}]},{"given":"Rhys","family":"Parfitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3495-1990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Thomas","family":"Farrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3345-9531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Bourassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Minnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Sciences at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4352-5080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyodae","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"}]},{"given":"Sarah T.","family":"Gille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0230, USA"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Zlotnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1997)027<1533:ASMOTD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Simple Model of the Decadal Response of the Ocean to Stochastic Wind Forcing","volume":"27","author":"Frankignoul","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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