{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:58:24Z","timestamp":1776851904986,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science of Foundation of China","award":["41871258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871258"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science of Foundation of China","award":["41930111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930111"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science of Foundation of China","award":["41901287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901287"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science of Foundation of China","award":["41671366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671366"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFA0605503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0605503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA15012400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA15012400"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cFuture Star\u201d Talent Plan of the Aerospace Information Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["Y920570Z1F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y920570Z1F"]}]},{"name":"Director Foundation of the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["Y5SJ1300CX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y5SJ1300CX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface upward longwave radiation (SULR) is a critical component in the calculation of the Earth\u2019s surface radiation budget. Multiple clear-sky SULR estimation methods have been developed for high-spatial resolution satellite observations. Here, we comprehensively evaluated six SULR estimation methods, including the temperature-emissivity physical methods with the input of the MYD11\/MYD21 (TE-MYD11\/TE-MYD21), the hybrid methods with top-of-atmosphere (TOA) linear\/nonlinear\/artificial neural network regressions (TOA-LIN\/TOA-NLIN\/TOA-ANN), and the hybrid method with bottom-of-atmosphere (BOA) linear regression (BOA-LIN). The recently released MYD21 product and the BOA-LIN\u2014a newly developed method that considers the spatial heterogeneity of the atmosphere\u2014is used initially to estimate SULR. In addition, the four hybrid methods were compared with simulated datasets. All the six methods were evaluated using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products and the Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) in situ measurements. Simulation analysis shows that the BOA-LIN is the best one among four hybrid methods with accurate atmospheric profiles as input. Comparison of all the six methods shows that the TE-MYD21 performed the best, with a root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE) of 14.0 and \u22120.2 W\/m2, respectively. The RMSE of BOA-LIN, TOA-NLIN, TOA-LIN, TOA-ANN, and TE-MYD11 are equal to 15.2, 16.1, 17.2, 21.2, and 18.5 W\/m2, respectively. TE-MYD21 has a much better accuracy than the TE-MYD11 over barren surfaces (NDVI &lt; 0.3) and a similar accuracy over non-barren surfaces (NDVI \u2265 0.3). BOA-LIN is more stable over varying water vapor conditions, compared to other hybrid methods. We conclude that this study provides a valuable reference for choosing the suitable estimation method in the SULR product generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"1834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of Six High-Spatial Resolution Clear-Sky Surface Upward Longwave Radiation Estimation Methods with MODIS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Boxiong","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2433-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zunjian","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD  4111, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongming","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9345-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingpin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<2691:ACOSRB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A climatology of surface radiation budget derived from satellite data","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2048556","article-title":"Review on Estimation of Land Surface Radiation and Energy Budgets From Ground Measurement, Remote Sensing and Model Simulations","volume":"3","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2537650","article-title":"Global Estimates for High-Spatial-Resolution Clear-Sky Land Surface Upwelling Longwave Radiation From MODIS Data","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.12.004","article-title":"Estimation of high-spatial resolution clear-sky longwave downward and net radiation over land surfaces from MODIS data","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1908","article-title":"The role of satellite remote sensing in climate change studies","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.03.007","article-title":"Thermal infrared remote sensing for urban climate and environmental studies: Methods, applications, and trends","volume":"64","author":"Weng","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1109\/36.701020","article-title":"Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES): Algorithm overview","volume":"36","author":"Wielicki","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.008","article-title":"Comparison of CERES surface radiation fluxes with surface observations over Loess Plateau","volume":"115","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2019.1597189","article-title":"Remote sensing of earth\u2019s energy budget: Synthesis and review","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0853:CATERE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES): An Earth Observing System Experiment","volume":"77","author":"Wielicki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.03.014","article-title":"Estimation of the net radiation using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data for clear sky days","volume":"97","author":"Bisht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.04.004","article-title":"Estimation of instantaneous net surface longwave radiation from MODIS cloud-free data","volume":"112","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2005206","article-title":"Estimating High Spatial Resolution Clear-Sky Land Surface Upwelling Longwave Radiation From MODIS Data","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700995","article-title":"A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images","volume":"36","author":"Gillespie","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1109\/36.508406","article-title":"A generalized split-window algorithm for retrieving land-surface temperature from space","volume":"34","author":"Wan","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214497","article-title":"Classification-based emissivity for land surface temperature measurement from space","volume":"19","author":"Snyder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Zhang, X., Liang, S., Yang, H., and Zhou, G. (2012). Estimation of clear-sky land surface longwave radiation from MODIS data products by merging multiple models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD017567"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.04.026","article-title":"Consistent retrieval methods to estimate land surface shortwave and longwave radiative flux components under clear-sky conditions","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A574","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.00A574","article-title":"New method to estimate surface upwelling long-wave radiation from MODIS cloud-free data","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.021","article-title":"Estimation of surface upward longwave radiation from MODIS and VIIRS clear-sky data in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"162","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111304","article-title":"A review of earth surface thermal radiation directionality observing and modeling: Historical development, current status and perspectives","volume":"232","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4412","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2692261","article-title":"Estimation of surface upward longwave radiation using a direct physical algorithm","volume":"55","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1985)024<0128:TIIIMA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The improved initialization inversion method: A high resolution physical method for temperature retrievals from satellites of the TIROS-N series","volume":"24","author":"Chedin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1998)037<1385:ANNAFA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Neural Network Approach for a Fast and Accurate Computation of a Longwave Radiative Budget","volume":"37","author":"Chevallier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022619","article-title":"Atmospheric water vapor retrieval from Landsat 8 thermal infrared images","volume":"120","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5877","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2716401","article-title":"Land surface temperature estimate from chinese gaofen-5 satellite data using split-window algorithm","volume":"55","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.716540","article-title":"Land surface emissivity retrieval from satellite data","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Wan, Z., Wang, P., Sparrow, M., Liu, J., Zhou, X., and Haginoya, S. (2005). Estimation of surface long wave radiation and broadband emissivity using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature\/emissivity products. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005566"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"3010","article-title":"MODTRAN4 version 3 revision 1 user\u2019s manual","volume":"1731","author":"Berk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Air Force Res. Lab. Space Veh. Dir. Air Force Mater. Command AFB MA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.3.249","article-title":"A global assessment of the SRTM performance","volume":"72","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2255118","article-title":"Evaluation of the NCEP and MODIS Atmospheric Products for Single Channel Land Surface Temperature Retrieval With Ground Measurements: A Case Study of HJ-1B IRS Data","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, X., and Cheng, J. (2018). Evaluating Eight Global Reanalysis Products for Atmospheric Correction of Thermal Infrared Sensor\u2014Application to Landsat 8 TIRS10 Data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030474"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1806.1","article-title":"An Update on SURFRAD\u2014The GCOS Surface Radiation Budget Network for the Continental United States","volume":"22","author":"Augustine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<0687:TBSRNP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Baseline Surface Radiation Network pyrgeometer round-robin calibration experiment","volume":"15","author":"Philipona","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00093-7","article-title":"Validation of the land-surface temperature products retrieved from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data","volume":"83","author":"Wan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000116417","article-title":"Quality assessment and validation of the MODIS global land surface temperature","volume":"25","author":"Wan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.027","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the collection-6 MODIS land-surface temperature\/emissivity product","volume":"140","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1109\/36.602541","article-title":"A physics-based algorithm for retrieving land-surface emissivity and temperature from EOS\/MODIS data","volume":"35","author":"Wan","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90065-6","article-title":"Feasibility of land surface temperature and emissivity determination from AVHRR data","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.857886","article-title":"Accurate atmospheric correction of ASTER thermal infrared imagery using the WVS method","volume":"43","author":"Tonooka","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulley, G.C., Hughes, C.G., and Hook, S.J. (2012). Quantifying uncertainties in land surface temperature and emissivity retrievals from ASTER and MODIS thermal infrared data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018506"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.10.014","article-title":"Thermal-based techniques for land cover change detection using a new dynamic MODIS multispectral emissivity product (MOD21)","volume":"140","author":"Hulley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<1500:DOANSM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Development of a Nonlinear Statistical Method for Estimating the Downward Longwave Radiation at the Surface from Satellite Observations","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6021","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802192160","article-title":"Near-surface air temperature estimation from ASTER data based on neural network algorithm","volume":"29","author":"Mao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2009.10.008","article-title":"Estimating soil moisture using remote sensing data: A machine learning approach","volume":"33","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.06.003","article-title":"A comparison of empirical and neural network approaches for estimating corn and soybean leaf area index from Landsat ETM+ imagery","volume":"92","author":"Walthall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90020-8","article-title":"Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators","volume":"2","author":"Hornik","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026250","article-title":"An efficient hybrid method for estimating clear-sky surface downward longwave radiation from MODIS data","volume":"122","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mu\u00f1oz, J.C., and Sobrino, J.A. (2003). A generalized single-channel method for retrieving land surface temperature from remote sensing data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003480"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010006971","article-title":"A mono-window algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Landsat TM data and its application to the Israel-Egypt border region","volume":"22","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6644","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2587695","article-title":"Estimation of Upward Longwave Radiation From Vegetated Surfaces Considering Thermal Directionality","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Li, H., Li, R., Yang, Y., Cao, B., Bian, Z., Hu, T., Du, Y., Sun, L., and Liu, Q. Temperature-based and Radiance-based Validation of the Collection 6 MYD11 and MYD21 Land Surface Temperature Products Over Barren Surfaces in Northwestern China. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., (in press)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.11.014","article-title":"Evaluation of the VIIRS and MODIS LST products in an arid area of Northwest China","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1834\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:36:09Z","timestamp":1760175369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1834"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12111834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12111834","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]}}}