{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T05:39:10Z","timestamp":1776577150178,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos. 41974015 and 41474019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 41974015 and 41474019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2018YFC1503503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2018YFC1503503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface mass variations inferred from the Global Positioning System (GPS), and observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GFO) complement each other in terms of spatial and temporal coverage. This paper presents an analysis of regional surface mass variations inverted from GPS vertical displacements under different density distributions of GPS stations, and compares the GPS-derived mass variations with GRACE\/GFO inversion results in spatial and temporal domains. To this end, GPS vertical displacement data from a total of 85 permanent GPS stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC), the latest GRACE\/GFO RL06 spherical harmonic (SH) solutions and GRACE RL06 mascon solutions are used to investigate surface mass variations in four regions or basins, including the Yunnan Province (YNP), Min River Basin (MRB), Jialing River Basin (JLRB), and Wu River Basin (WRB) in Southwest China. Our results showed that the spatial distributions and seasonal characteristics of GPS-derived mass change time series agree well with those from GRACE\/GFO observations, especially in regions with relatively dense distributions of GPS stations (e.g., in the YNP and MRB), but there are still obvious discrepancies between the GPS and GRACE\/GFO results. Scale factor methods (both basin-scaled and pixel-scaled) were employed to reduce the amplitude discrepancies between GPS and GRACE\/GFO results. The results also showed that the one-year gap between the GRACE and GFO missions can be bridged by scaled GPS-derived mass change time series in the four studied regions, especially in the YNP and MRB regions (with relatively dense distributions of GPS stations).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"1835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Surface Mass Variations from GPS and GRACE\/GFO: A Case Study in Southwest China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0875-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianpao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78759, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099192","article-title":"GRACE Measurements of Mass Variability in the Earth System","volume":"305","author":"Tapley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025305","article-title":"Accuracy of GRACE mass estimates","volume":"33","author":"Wahr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. 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