{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T23:42:12Z","timestamp":1785282132306,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871280, 41471286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871280, 41471286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019QZKK0206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0206"]}]},{"name":"the 13th five-year Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XXH13505-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XXH13505-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission provides high-resolution precipitation estimates globally. However, their accuracy needs to be accessed for algorithm enhancement and hydro-meteorological applications. This study applies data from 388 gauges in Nepal to evaluate the spatial-temporal patterns presented in recently-developed GPM-Era satellite-based precipitation (SBP) products, i.e., the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), satellite-only (IMERG-UC), the gauge-calibrated IMERG (IMERG-C), the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), satellite-only (GSMaP-MVK), and the gauge-calibrated GSMaP (GSMaP-Gauge). The main results are as follows: (1) GSMaP-Gauge datasets is more reasonable to represent the observed spatial distribution of precipitation, followed by IMERG-UC, GSMaP-MVK, and IMERG-C. (2) The gauge-calibrated datasets are more consistent (in terms of relative root mean square error (RRMSE) and correlation coefficient (R)) than the satellite-only datasets in representing the seasonal dynamic range of precipitation. However, all four datasets can reproduce the seasonal cycle of precipitation, which is predominately governed by the monsoon system. (3) Although all four SBP products underestimate the monsoonal precipitation, the gauge-calibrated IMERG-C yields smaller mean bias than GSMaP-Gauge, while GSMaP-Gauge shows the smaller RRMSE and higher R-value; indicating IMERG-C is more reliable to estimate precipitation amount than GSMaP-Gauge, whereas GSMaP-Gauge presents more reasonable spatial distribution than IMERG-C. Only IMERG-C moderately reproduces the evident elevation-dependent pattern of precipitation revealed by gauge observations, i.e., gradually increasing with elevation up to 2000 m and then decreasing; while GSMaP-Gauge performs much better in representing the gauge observed spatial pattern than others. (4) The GSMaP-Gauge calibrated based on the daily gauge analysis is more consistent with detecting gauge observed precipitation events among the four datasets. The high-intensity related precipitation extremes (95th percentile) are more intense in regions with an elevation below 2500 m; all four SBP datasets have low accuracy (&lt;30%) and mostly underestimated (by &gt;40%) the frequency of extreme events at most of the stations across the country. This work represents the quantification of the new-generation SBP products on the southern slopes of the central Himalayas in Nepal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"1836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Evaluation of GPM-Era Satellite Precipitation Products on the Southern Slopes of the Central Himalayas Against Rain Gauge Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-5757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shankar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling and Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8857-6044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0454-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitesh","family":"Khadka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4986","article-title":"High-resolution precipitation mapping in a mountainous watershed: Ground truth for evaluating uncertainty in a national precipitation dataset","volume":"37","author":"Daly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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