{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:21:21Z","timestamp":1783707681736,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]],"date-time":"2020-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1839095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1839095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1828799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1828799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources","award":["C83015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C83015"]}]},{"name":"Conservation X Labs","award":["ROD_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ROD_01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The early detection of plant pathogens at the landscape scale holds great promise for better managing forest ecosystem threats. In Hawai\u2018i, two recently described fungal species are responsible for increasingly widespread mortality in \u2018\u014dhi\u2018a Metrosideros polymorpha, a foundational tree species in Hawaiian native forests. In this study, we share work from repeat laboratory and field measurements to determine if visible near-infrared and optical remote sensing can detect pre-symptomatic trees infected with these pathogens. After generating a dense time series of laboratory spectral reflectance data and red green blue (RGB) images for inoculated \u2018\u014dhi\u2018a seedlings, seedlings subjected to extreme drought, and control plants, we found few obvious spectral indicators that could be used for reliable pre-symptomatic detection in the inoculated seedlings, which quickly experienced complete and total wilting following stress onset. In the field, we found similar results when we collected repeat multispectral and RGB imagery over inoculated mature trees (sudden onset of symptoms with little advance warning). We found selected vegetation indices to be reliable indicators for detecting non-specific stress in \u2018\u014dhi\u2018a trees, but never providing more than five days prior warning relative to visual detection in the laboratory trials. Finally, we generated a sequence of linear support vector machine classification models from the laboratory data at time steps ranging from pre-treatment to late-stage stress. Overall classification accuracies increased with stress stage maturity, but poor model performance prior to stress onset and the sudden onset of symptoms in infected trees suggest that early detection of rapid \u2018\u014dhi\u2018a death over timescales helpful for land managers remains a challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"1846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Examining the Utility of Visible Near-Infrared and Optical Remote Sensing for the Early Detection of Rapid \u2018\u014chi\u2018a Death"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4210-3281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan L.","family":"Perroy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography &amp; Environmental Science, University of Hawai\u2018i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA"},{"name":"Spatial Data Analysis &amp; Visualization Laboratory, University of Hawai\u2018i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3652-3412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai\u2018i at Manoa, Hilo, HI 96720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Keith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hilo, HI 96720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Data Analysis &amp; Visualization Laboratory, University of Hawai\u2018i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Data Analysis &amp; Visualization Laboratory, University of Hawai\u2018i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alaska at Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-016-0029-9","article-title":"The Natural Evolutionary Potential of Tree Populations to Cope with Newly Introduced Pests and Pathogens\u2014Lessons Learned From Forest Health Catastrophes in Recent Decades","volume":"2","author":"Budde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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