{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:53:19Z","timestamp":1760237599179,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41620104003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41620104003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-15-1-2611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-15-1-2611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000016","name":"Canadian Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRIP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRIP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Panel on Energy Research and Development","award":["NRR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With continuing sea ice reductions in the Arctic, dynamic physical and ecological processes have more active roles compared to the ice-locked, isolated Arctic Ocean of previous decades. To better understand these changes, observations of high-resolution sea ice conditions are needed. Remote sensing is a useful tool for observations in the harsh Arctic environment. For unsupervised ice detection, we demonstrate the promising value of radar phase difference from polarimetric radar measurements in this study, based on full polarimetric complex RADARSAT-2 SAR images in the marginal ice zone. It is demonstrated that the phase difference from co-polarized and cross-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images show promising capability for high resolution sea ice discrimination from open water. In particular, the phase difference shows superior potential for the detection of frazil ice compared to the traditional methodology based on the radar intensity ratio. The relationship between phase difference and radar incidence angle is also analyzed, as well as the potential influence of high sea state. The new methodology provides an additional tool for ice detection. In order to make the best use of this tool, directions for further studies are discussed for operational ice detection and possible ice classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"1847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Is Radar Phase Information Useful for Sea Ice Detection in the Marginal Ice Zone?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fuhong","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4403-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Perrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1531-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2010.02.010","article-title":"History of sea ice in the Arctic","volume":"29","author":"Polyak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., and Overland, J.E. (2009). A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL037820"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL059847","article-title":"Wave heights in the 21st century Arctic Ocean simulated with a regional climate model","volume":"41","author":"Khon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013148","article-title":"Remote sensing of waves propagating in the marginal ice zone by SAR","volume":"123","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40850","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40850","article-title":"Leads in Arctic pack ice enable early phytoplankton blooms below snow-covered sea ice","volume":"7","author":"Assmy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1693-2013","article-title":"Comparison of feature based segmentation of full polarimetric SAR satellite sea ice images with manually drawn ice charts","volume":"7","author":"Moen","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1109\/36.718638","article-title":"Inverse electromagnetic scattering models for sea ice","volume":"36","author":"Golden","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1109\/36.718637","article-title":"Forward electromagnetic scattering models for sea ice","volume":"36","author":"Golden","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5589\/m08-075","article-title":"Sea ice type and open water discrimination using dual co-polarized C-band SAR","volume":"35","author":"Geldsetzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson, A.M., Malnes, E., Gerland, S., Cristea, A., Doulgeris, A.P., Divine, D.V., Pavlova, O., and Lauknes, T.R. (2020). Consistent ice and open water classification combining historical synthetic aperture radar satellite images from ERS-1\/2, Envisat ASAR, RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1A\/B. Ann. Glaciol., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1017\/aog.2019.52"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2013.33","article-title":"Sea Ice Monitoring by Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"26","author":"Dierking","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.10.044","article-title":"Detection of macroalgae blooms by complex SAR imagery","volume":"78","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2234756","article-title":"C-band radar polarimetry\u2014Useful for detection of icebergs in sea ice?","volume":"52","author":"Dierking","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2224119","article-title":"Target detection on the ocean with the relative phase of compact polarimetry SAR","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20679","DOI":"10.1029\/91JC01915","article-title":"Multifrequency polarimetric synthetic aperture radar observations of sea ice","volume":"96","author":"Drinkwater","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2020, June 04). MacDonald Dettwiler & Associates RADARSAT-2 Product Description\u2014MDA 2016. Available online: https:\/\/mdacorporation.com\/docs\/default-source\/technical-documents\/geospatial-services\/52-1238_rs2_product_description.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2020, June 04). MacDonald Dettwiler & Associates RADARSAT-2 Product Format Definition\u2014MDA 2016. Available online: https:\/\/mdacorporation.com\/docs\/default-source\/technical-documents\/geospatial-services\/radarsat-2-product-format-definition.pdf?sfvrsn=4."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8674","DOI":"10.1002\/2018JC013766","article-title":"Overview of the Arctic Sea State and Boundary Layer Physics Program","volume":"123","author":"Thomson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boerner, W.-M., Yan, W.-L., Xi, A.-Q., and Yamaguchi, Y. (1992). Basic concepts of radar polarimetry. Direct and Inverse Methods in Radar Polarimetry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-9243-2_8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.10.032","article-title":"X-, C-, and L-band SAR signatures of newly formed sea ice in Arctic leads during winter and spring","volume":"204","author":"Johansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-2163-2014","article-title":"First-year sea ice melt pond fraction estimation from dual-polarisation C-band SAR \u2013 Part 2: Scaling in situ to RADARSAT-2","volume":"8","author":"Scharien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5820","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2293143","article-title":"Wind Speed Retrieval from VH Dual-Polarization RADARSAT-2 SAR Images","volume":"52","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC013769","article-title":"Arctic Sea Ice Drift Measured by Shipboard Marine Radar","volume":"123","author":"Lund","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13665","DOI":"10.1029\/95JC00937","article-title":"Polarimetric signatures of sea ice: 1. Theoretical model","volume":"100","author":"Nghiem","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2039577","article-title":"Dual-polarization C-band radar observations of sea ice in the Amundsen Gulf","volume":"48","author":"Partington","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.836259","article-title":"Polarimetric characteristics of sea ice in the Sea of Okhotsk observed by airborne L-band SAR","volume":"42","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1029\/GM068p0029","article-title":"The physical basis for sea ice remote sensing","volume":"68","author":"Hallikainen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microw. Remote Sens. Sea Ice"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1847\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:36:34Z","timestamp":1760175394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1847"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12111847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12111847","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]}}}