{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T07:14:58Z","timestamp":1766733298250,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0504900","2018YFB0504901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504900","2018YFB0504901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871249","41471302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871249","41471302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A lunar observation campaign was conducted using a hyper-spectral imaging spectrometer in Lijiang, China from December 2015 to February 2016. The lunar hyper-spectral images in the visible to near-infrared region (VNIR) have been obtained in different lunar phases with absolute scale established by the National Institute of Metrology (NIM), China using the lamp\u2013plate calibration system. At the same time, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) is measured regularly by a lidar and a lunar CE318U for atmospheric characterization to provide nightly atmosphere extinction correction of lunar observations. This paper addressed the complicated data processing procedure in detail from raw images of the spectrometer into the spectral lunar irradiance in different lunar phases. The result of measurement shows that the imaging spectrometer can provide lunar irradiance with uncertainties less than 3.30% except for absorption bands. Except for strong atmosphere absorption region, the mean spectral irradiance difference between the measured irradiance and the ROLO (Robotic Lunar Observatory) model is 8.6 \u00b1 2% over the course of the lunar observation mission. The ROLO model performs more reliable to clarify absolute and relative accuracy of lunar irradiance than that of the MT2009 model in different Sun\u2013Moon\u2013Earth geometry. The spectral ratio analysis of lunar irradiance shows that band-to-band variability in the ROLO model is consistent within 2%, and the consistency of the models in the lunar phase and spectrum is well analyzed and evaluated from phase dependence and phase reddening analysis respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T05:11:46Z","timestamp":1591765906000},"page":"1878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparison of the Lunar Models Using the Hyper-Spectral Imager Observations in Lijiang, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2390-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shurong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7115-1389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1997.5822","article-title":"Photometric stability of the lunar surface","volume":"130","author":"Kieffer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1029\/2007EO110015","article-title":"Achieving satellite instrument calibration for monitoring global climate change","volume":"88","author":"Ohring","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2237520","article-title":"Evaluation of isccp multisatellite radiance calibration for geostationary imager visible channels using the moon","volume":"51","author":"Stone","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2228654","article-title":"Overview of intercalibration of satellite instruments","volume":"51","author":"Chander","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Angal, A., Butler, J., Cao, C., Doelling, D., Wu, A., and Wu, X. (2016, January 4\u20137). Global space-based inter-calibration system reflective solar calibration reference: From aqua modis to S-NPP VIIRS. Proceedings of the SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing, New Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2224320"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Angal, A., Mccorkel, J., and Thome, K. (September, January 28). Results from source-based and detector-based calibrations of a clarreo calibration demonstration system. Proceedings of the SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lach\u00e9rade, S. (2015, January 21\u201324). A summary of the joint GSICS\u2014CEOS\/IVOS lunar calibration workshop: Moving towards intercalibration using the moon as a transfer target. Proceedings of the SPIE Remote Sensing, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Miller, S.D., and Turner, R.E. (2008, January 20\u201324). A lunar spectral flux database for quantitative viirs day\/night band environmental applications. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Future National Operational Environmental Satellites, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-3007-2017","article-title":"Assessment of nocturnal aerosol optical depth from lunar photometry at iza\u00f1a high mountain observatory","volume":"10","author":"Barreto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1086\/430185","article-title":"The spectral irradiance of the moon","volume":"129","author":"Kieffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Astron. J."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Aznay, O., Fougnie, B., and Leb\u00e8gue, L. (2014, January 22\u201325). POLO: A unique dataset to derive the phase angle dependence of the moon irradiance. Proceedings of the SPIE Remote Sensing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"6","article-title":"On the phase-angle dependence of the moon calibration results","volume":"7","author":"Lacherade","year":"2013","journal-title":"GSICS Quat Lunar Calibration"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Meygret, A., and Grosscolzy, L. (2017, January 6\u201310). Improving ROLO lunar albedo model using PLEIADES-HR satellites extra-terrestrial observations. Proceedings of the SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-86-9-1303","article-title":"Satellite instrument calibration for measuring global climate change: Report of a workshop","volume":"86","author":"Ohring","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Moreau, L., Bourque, H., Taylor, J., Veilleux, J., Grandmont, F., Girard, F., and Larouche, M. (2010, January 4\u20138). Instrument demonstration effort for the clarreo mission. Proceedings of the International Conference on Space Optics, Rhodes Island, Greece."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Cutter, M., Fox, N., Green, P., Brindley, H., Russell, J., Smith, D., Lobb, D., and Barnes, A. (2014, January 6\u201310). Traceable radiometry underpinning terrestrial and heliostudies (truths): A bencmark mission for climate. Proceedings of the International Conference on Space Optics, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055002","DOI":"10.1088\/1538-3873\/aa60b5","article-title":"Ground-based observation system development for the moon hyper-spectral imaging","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3788\/AOS20092905.1310","article-title":"Radiometric characteristics test of integrating sphere source using wavelength-tunable laser","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Optica Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2890003","article-title":"Rayleigh scattering","volume":"35","author":"Young","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Today"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1086\/114228","article-title":"Atmospheric extinction\u2014The ordinary and volcanically induced variations, 1972\u20131985","volume":"92","author":"Lockwood","year":"1986","journal-title":"Astron. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langley, S.P. (1880). The bolometer and radiant energy. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Academy of Arts & Sciences.","DOI":"10.2307\/25138616"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-585-2013","article-title":"A new method for nocturnal aerosol measurements with a lunar photometer prototype","volume":"6","author":"Barreto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, W.L., Eplee, J.R.E., Butler, J.J., Barnes, R.A., Patt, F.S., Meister, G., and McClain, C.R. (2004, January 2\u20136). Seawifs lunar calibration methodology after six years on orbit. Proceedings of the Optical Science and Technology, SPIE 49th Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.556408"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014508","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.13.014508","article-title":"Estimating residual uncertainties for lunar irradiance measurements due to imaging acquisition parameters","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"174","article-title":"Validation of the precision of atmospheric molecular absorption and thermal radiance calculated by combined atmospheric radiative transfer (c10art) code","volume":"42","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1086\/316375","article-title":"Real-time control of the robotic lunar observatory telescope","volume":"111","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eplee, R.E., Meister, G., Patt, F.S., and Franz, B.A. (2013, January 25\u201329). A synthesis of viirs solar and lunar calibrations. Proceedings of SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Engineering, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2024069"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2012696","article-title":"A dynamic lunar spectral irradiance data set for NPOESS\/VIIRS day\/night band nighttime environmental applications","volume":"47","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"293","article-title":"Monochromatic phase curves and albedos for the lunar disk","volume":"5","author":"Lane","year":"1973","journal-title":"Astron. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone, T.C., and Kieffer, H.H. (2006, January 13\u201317). Use of the moon to support on-orbit sensor calibration for climate change measurements. Proceedings of the SPIE Optics + Photonics, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.678605"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2011.04.021","article-title":"New earth-based absolute photometry of the moon","volume":"214","author":"Velikodsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, C., Vermote, E., and Xiong, X. (2009). Using avhrr lunar observations for ndvi long-term climate change detection. J. Geophys. Res., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012179"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, X., Choi, T., Cao, C., Blonski, S., Wang, W., and Ban, Y. (2014, January 13\u201316). Trending of suomi-NPP VIIRS radiometric performance with lunar band ratio. Proceedings of the SPIE Asia Pacific Remote Sensing, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2068474"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hapke, B. (2012). Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139025683"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.04.008","article-title":"Phase reddening on near-earth asteroids: Implications for mineralogical analysis, space weathering and taxonomic classification","volume":"220","author":"Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Icarus"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1878\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:37:17Z","timestamp":1760175437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/11\/1878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12111878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12111878","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]}}}