{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:18:42Z","timestamp":1774955922775,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["IIP-07-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIP-07-0006"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["NNL12AQO8T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNL12AQO8T"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX17AI70G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX17AI70G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Absolute Radiance Interferometer (ARI) is an infrared spectrometer designed to serve as an on-orbit radiometric reference with the ultra-high accuracy (better than 0.1 K 3\u2011\u03c3 or k = 3 brightness temperature at scene brightness temperature) needed to optimize measurement of the long-term changes of Earth\u2019s atmosphere and surface. If flown in an orbit that frequently crosses sun-synchronous orbits, ARI could be used to inter-calibrate the international fleet of infrared (IR) hyperspectral sounders to similar measurement accuracy, thereby establishing an observing system capable of achieving sampling biases on high-information-content spectral radiance products that are also &lt; 0.1 K 3\u2011\u03c3. It has been shown that such a climate observing system with &lt;0.1 K 2\u2011\u03c3 overall accuracy would make it possible to realize times to detect subtle trends of temperature and water vapor distributions that closely match those of an ideal system, given the limit set by the natural variability of the atmosphere. This paper presents the ARI sensor's overall design, the new technologies developed to allow on-orbit verification and test of its accuracy, and the laboratory results that demonstrate its capability. In addition, we describe the techniques and uncertainty estimates for transferring ARI accuracy to operational sounders, providing economical global coverage. Societal challenges posed by climate change suggest that a Pathfinder ARI should be deployed as soon as possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12121915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T05:56:27Z","timestamp":1592200587000},"page":"1915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Infrared Absolute Radiance Interferometer (ARI) for CLARREO"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2008-1568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe K.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry E.","family":"Revercomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred A.","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Tobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. Jonathan","family":"Gero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hansen, J.E., Rossow, W.B., and Fung, I. (1993). Long-Term Monitoring of Global Climate Forcings and Feedbacks."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Anderson, J., Goody, R., and Keith, D. (1996). Arrhenius: A Small Satellite for Climate Research, Harvard University."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-3301.1","article-title":"Analysis of sampling errors for climate monitoring satellites","volume":"18","author":"Goody","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, W.L., Revercomb, H.E., Howell, H.B., Woolf, H.M., and LaPorte, D.D. (1987). The High Resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS). Atmospheric Radiation: Progress and Prospects, Proceedings of the Beijing International Radiation Symposium, Beijing, China, 26\u201330 August 1986, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-935704-18-8_42"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01349804","article-title":"High-altitude aircraft measurements of upwelling IR radiance: Prelude to FTIR from geosynchronous satellite","volume":"95","author":"Revercomb","year":"1988","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.27.003210","article-title":"Radiometric calibration of IR Fourier transform spectrometers: Solution to a problem with the High-Resolution Interferometer Sounder","volume":"27","author":"Revercomb","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"89","article-title":"Radiometric calibration of IR interferometers: Experience from the High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) aircraft instrument","volume":"87","author":"Revercomb","year":"1989","journal-title":"RSRM"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1998)011<0754:CORFS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Calibration of radiances from space","volume":"11","author":"Goody","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-1662.1","article-title":"Atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer. Part I: Instrument design","volume":"21","author":"Knuteson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-1663.1","article-title":"Atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer. Part II: Instrument performance","volume":"21","author":"Knuteson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Revercomb, H., Walden, V., Tobin, D., Anderson, J., Best, F., Ciganovich, N., Dedecker, R., Dirkx, T., Ellington, S., and Garcia, R. (1998, January 16\u201318). Recent results from two new aircraft-based Fourier transform interferometers: The Scanning High-resolution Interferometer Sounder and the NPOESS Atmospheric Sounder Testbed Interferometer. Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Atmospheric Science from Space Using Fourier Transform Spectrometry (ASSFTS), Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1029\/2007EO110015","article-title":"Achieving satellite instrument calibration for climate change","volume":"88","author":"Ohring","year":"2007","journal-title":"EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"National Research Council (2007). Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, W.L., Weisz, E., Knuteson, R., Revercomb, H., and Feldman, D. (2020). Retrieving Decadal Climate Change from Satellite Radiance Observations\u2014A 100-year CO2 Doubling OSSE Demonstration. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051247"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00149.1","article-title":"Achieving Climate Change Absolute Accuracy in Orbit","volume":"94","author":"Wielicki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0704.1","article-title":"Spectrally Dependent CLARREO Infrared Spectrometer Calibration Requirement for Climate Change Detection","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD024770","article-title":"Characterization of the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) ability to serve as an infrared satellite intercalibration reference","volume":"121","author":"Tobin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10589","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50809","article-title":"Suomi-NPP CrIS radiometric calibration uncertainty","volume":"118","author":"Tobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2819","article-title":"Observation bias correction schemes in data assimilation systems: A theoretical study of some of their properties","volume":"142","author":"Eyre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70810O","DOI":"10.1117\/12.795457","article-title":"On-orbit absolute calibration of temperature with application to the CLARREO mission","volume":"Volume 7081","author":"Best","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Observing Systems XIII"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"926314","article-title":"Results from recent vacuum testing of an on-orbit absolute radiance standard intended for the next generation of infrared remote sensing instruments","volume":"Volume: 9263","author":"Best","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques and Applications"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85270N","DOI":"10.1117\/12.977559","article-title":"On-Orbit Absolute Radiance Standard for the Next Generation of IR Remote Sensing Instruments","volume":"Volume 8527","author":"Best","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques and Applications"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78570J","DOI":"10.1117\/12.869564","article-title":"On-orbit absolute temperature calibration using multiple phase change materials: Overview of recent technology advancements","volume":"Volume 7857","author":"Best","year":"2010","journal-title":"Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1227.1","article-title":"A Quantum Cascade Laser\u2013Based Reflectometer for On-Orbit Blackbody Cavity Monitoring","volume":"26","author":"Gero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gero, P.J., Taylor, J.K., Best, F., Revercomb, H., Knuteson, R., Tobin, D., Adler, D.P., Ciganovich, N., Dutcher, S., and Garcia, R. (2011, January 7). On-orbit Absolute Blackbody Emissivity Determination Using the Heated Halo Method. Proceedings of the Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1364\/FTS.2011.FMA3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/49\/2\/S1","article-title":"On-orbit absolute blackbody emissivity determination using the heated halo method","volume":"49","author":"Gero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gero, P.J., Taylor, J.K., Best, F.A., Revercomb, H.E., Garcia, R.K., Knuteson, R.O., Tobin, D.C., Adler, D.P., and Ciganovich, N.N. (2018). The heated halo for space-based blackbody emissivity measurement. Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques and Applications IV, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78570L","DOI":"10.1117\/12.869460","article-title":"On-orbit Absolute Blackbody Emissivity Determination Using the Heated Halo Method","volume":"Volume 7857","author":"Gero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques and Applications III"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(03)00232-2","article-title":"Absolute, spectrally-resolved, thermal radiance: A benchmark for climate monitoring from space","volume":"85","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, and OIML (1995). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, SASO."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"BIPM, IEC, IFCC, IUPAC, and ISO (2012). The International Vocabulary of Metrology\u2014Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM). JCGM, 200, 2012."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, B.N., and Kuyatt, C.E. (1994). Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.TN.1297"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Taylor, J.K. (2014). Achieving 0.1 K Absolute Calibration Accuracy for High Spectral Resolution Infrared and Far Infrared Climate Benchmark Measurements, Universit\u00e9 Laval."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Morse, P.G. (1979). Nonlinear Response of 8\u201312 \u03bcm (HgCd)Te Photoconductor to Large Signal Photon Flux Levels, Honeywell."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Revercomb, H., Best, F., Dedecker, R., Dirkx, T., Herbsleb, R., Knuteson, R., Short, J., and Smith, W. (1993, January 17). Atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer (AERI) for ARM. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Global Change Studies, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Revercomb, H.E. (December, January 30). Techniques for Avoiding Phase and Non-linearity Errors in Radiometric Calibration: A Review of Experience with the Airborne HIS and Ground-based AERI. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Atmospheric Science from Space Using FTS, Madison, WI, USA."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Tobin, D.C. (2003, January 25\u201327). NAST-I Detector Nonlinearity Characterization. Proceedings of the AIRS Science Team Meeting, Santa Barbara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, J.K., Tobin, D.C., Revercomb, H.E., Knuteson, R.O., Borg, L., and Best, F.A. (2009, January 4). Analysis of the CrIS Flight Model 1 Radiometric Linearity. Proceedings of the Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1364\/FTS.2009.FMA4"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Knuteson, R.O., Tobin, D.C., Revercomb, H.E., Taylor, J.K., DeSlover, D., and Borg, L. (2012, January 24). Suomi NPP\/JPSS Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS): Non-Linearity Assessment And On-Orbit Monitoring. Proceedings of the 93rd AMS Annual Meeting, Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Best, F.A., Revercomb, H.E., Knuteson, R.O., Tobin, D.C., Thielman, D., Ellington, S., Werner, M., Adler, D., Taylor, J.K., and Smith, W.L. (2006, January 11). GIFTS On-board Blackbody Calibration Subsystem. Proceedings of the NASA GIFTS EDU and Other FTS Instruments, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64050I","DOI":"10.1117\/12.698021","article-title":"Performance verification of the Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) on-board blackbody calibration system","volume":"Volume 6405","author":"Best","year":"2006","journal-title":"Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"497","article-title":"Stability of NTC thermistors","volume":"6","author":"Siwek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Temp. Meas. Control. Sci. Ind."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Best, F., Revercomb, H., Knuteson, R., Tobin, D., Dedecker, R., Dirkx, T., Mulligan, M., Ciganovich, N., and Te, Y. (2003, January 10). Traceability of absolute radiometric calibration for the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI). Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Characterization and Radiometric Calibration for Remote Sensing, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Best, F.A. (1997). Accurately Calibrated Airborne and Ground-Based Fourier Transform. Spectrometers II: HIS and AERI Calibration Techniques, Traceability, and Testing, University of Wisconsin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, D., Knuteson, R., Revercomb, H., Dedecker, R., and Feltz, W. (2004). An Evaluation of the Nonlinearity Correction Applied to Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) Data Collected by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program.","DOI":"10.2172\/1020730"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Revercomb, H., and Best, F. (2005, January 29\u201330). Calibration of the Scanning High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (SHIS) Infrared Spectrometer: Overview (Parts 1 and 2). Proceedings of the 2005 Calcon Workshop, Calibration of Airborne Sensor Systems, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Revercomb, H.E., Knuteson, R.O., Best, F.A., Tobin, D.C., Smith, W.L., LaPorte, D.D., Ellington, S.D., Werner, M.W., Dedecker, R.G., and Garcia, R.K. (October, January 20). Scanning high-resolution interferometer sounder (S-HIS) aircraft instrument and validation of the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS). Proceedings of the Optical Remote Sensing, Yalta, Ukraine."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Revercomb, H.E., Tobin, D.C., Knuteson, R.O., Best, F.A., Smith, W., LaPorte, D., Ellington, S., Werner, M., Garcia, R., and Ciganovich, N. (2004, January 4). Highly accurate FTIR observations from the scanning HIS aircraft instrument. Proceedings of the SPIE, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Taylor, J., Best, F., Ciganovich, N., Dutcher, S., Ellington, S., Garcia, R., Howell, H., Knuteson, R., LaPorte, D., and Nasiri, S. (2009, January 1). Performance of an infrared sounder on several airborne platforms: The scanning high resolution interferometer sounder (S-HIS). Proceedings of the Earth Observing Systems X, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Taylor, J.K., Revercomb, H.E., Best, F.A., Tobin, D.C., and Knuteson, R.O. (2006, January 30). GIFTS EDU Radiometric Calibration Performance Assessment. Proceedings of the NASA GIFTS EDU and Other FTS Instruments, Hampton, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, J.K., Tobin, D.C., Revercomb, H.E., Knuteson, R.O., Borg, L., and Best, F.A. (2009). Analysis of CrIS Flight Model 1 Radiometric Linearity and Radiometric Uncertainty. ASSFTS 14, Optical Society of America.","DOI":"10.1364\/FTS.2009.FMA4"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Taylor, J.K., Tobin, D.C., Revercomb, H.E., Knuteson, R.O., Borg, L., and Best, F.A. (2012, January 14). Analysis of the CrIS Flight Model 1 Radiometric Linearity. Proceedings of the Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5930","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.005930","article-title":"A responsivity-based criterion for accurate calibration of FTIR emission spectra: Identification of in-band low-responsivity wavenumbers","volume":"19","author":"Rowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optics Express"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5451","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.005451","article-title":"Responsivity-based criterion for accurate calibration of FTIR emission spectra: Theoretical development and bandwidth estimation","volume":"19","author":"Rowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optics Express"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Best, F.A., Revercomb, H.E., Knuteson, R.O., Tobin, D.C., Ellington, S.D., Werner, M.W., Adler, D.P., Garcia, R.K., Taylor, J.K., and Ciganovich, N.N. (2004, January 30). The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) on-board blackbody calibration system. Proceedings of the Fourth International Asia-Pacific Environmental Remote Sensing Symposium 2004: Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Ocean, Environment, and Space, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.579017"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Best, F.A., Knuteson, R.O., Revercomb, H.E., Tobin, D.C., Gero, P.J., Taylor, J.K., Rice, J.P., Hanssen, L., and Mekhontsev, S. (2010, January 22). Measurements of the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) blackbody emissivity and radiance using multiple techniques. Proceedings of the CALCON Technical Conference, Logan, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/35\/4\/51","article-title":"The NIST EOS thermal-infrared transfer radiometer","volume":"35","author":"Rice","year":"1998","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, J., and Hanssen, L. (2008). An infrared laser-based reflectometer for low reflectance measurements of samples and cavity structures. Reflection, Scattering, and Diffraction from Surfaces, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.796186"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-008-0384-2","article-title":"NIST radiance temperature and infrared spectral radiance scales at near-ambient temperatures","volume":"29","author":"Mekhontsev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Dykema, J.A., Witinski, M., and Anderson, J. (2010, January 22). Quantum Cascade Laser based reflectometry for on-orbit blackbody emissivity measurements for CLARREO. Proceedings of the CALCON Technical Conference, Logan, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Dowell, M., Lecomte, P., Husband, R., Schulz, J., Mohr, T., Tahara, Y., Eckman, R., Lindstrom, E., Wooldridge, C., and Hilding, S. (2013). Strategy towards an Architecture for Climate Monitoring from Space, CEOS."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS2967.1","article-title":"The global space-based inter-calibration system","volume":"92","author":"Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewison, T. (2020). Extending the Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS) to tie Satellite Radiances to an Absolute Scale. Remote Sensing, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111782"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Revercomb, H., Best, F., Tobin, D., Knuteson, B., Smith, N., Smith Sr, W.L., and Weisz, E. (2016). Monitoring climate from space: A metrology perspective. Earth Observing Missions and Sensors: Development, Implementation, and Characterization IV, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2223978"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/12\/1915\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:38:31Z","timestamp":1760175511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/12\/1915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12121915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12121915","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]}}}