{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T14:42:03Z","timestamp":1777560123098,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41875038 and 41801261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875038 and 41801261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The distribution and trend of clear-sky surface solar radiation (SSR) and the quantitative effects of aerosol and water vapor are investigated in northern China during 2001\u20132015 using radiation simulations and satellite observations. Clear-sky SSR in northern China is high in summer and low in winter, which is dominated by astronomical factors and strongly modulated by the seasonal variations of radiative effects of aerosol (ARE) and water vapor (WVRE). The larger variation of WVRE than ARE indicates that water vapor plays a more important role in moderating the seasonal variation of clear-sky SSR. Clear-sky SSR shows an overall decreasing trend of \u20130.12 W\/m2 per year, with decrease more strongly than \u20130.60 W\/m2 per year in west-central Shandong and increase (about 0.40 W\/m2) in south-central Inner Mongolia. The consistency of spatial distribution and high correlation between clear-sky SSR and ARE trend indicate that the clear-sky SSR trend is mainly determined by aerosol variation. Dust mass concentration decreases about 16% in south-central Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2015, resulting in the increase in clear-sky SSR. In contrast, sulfate aerosol increases about 92% in west-central Shandong, leading to the decreasing trend of clear-sky SSR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12121931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T12:16:57Z","timestamp":1592223417000},"page":"1931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Clear-Sky Surface Solar Radiation and the Radiative Effect of Aerosol and Water Vapor Based on Simulations and Satellite Observations over Northern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Guang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8635","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-8635-2012","article-title":"Decadal variations in estimated surface solar radiation over Switzerland since the late 19th century","volume":"12","author":"Wild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. 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