{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:53:47Z","timestamp":1772182427907,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-CE01-0011-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE01-0011-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002830","name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MaISON"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MaISON"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the last decade, the number of available satellite observations has increased significantly, allowing for far more frequent measurements of the glacier speed. Appropriate methods of post-processing need to be developed to efficiently deal with the large volumes of data generated and relatively large intrinsic errors associated with the measurements. Here, we process and combine together measurements of ice velocity of Russell Gletscher in Greenland from three satellites\u2014Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and Landsat-8, creating a multi-year velocity database with high temporal and spatial resolution. We then investigate post-processing methodologies with the aim of generating corrected, ordered, and simplified time series. We tested rolling mean and median, cubic spline regression, and linear non-parametric local regression (LOWESS) smoothing algorithms to reduce data noise, evaluated the results against ground-based GPS in one location, and compared the results between two locations with different characteristics. We found that LOWESS provides the best solution for noisy measurements that are unevenly distributed in time. Using this methodology with these sensors, we can robustly derive time series with temporal resolution of 2\u20133 weeks and improve the accuracy on the ice velocity to about 10 m\/yr, or a factor of three compared to the initial measurements. The presented methodology could be applied to the entire Greenland ice sheet with an aim of reconstructing comprehensive sub-seasonal ice flow dynamics and mass balance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12121935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T12:16:57Z","timestamp":1592223417000},"page":"1935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Data Reduction Using Statistical and Regression Approaches for Ice Velocity Derived by Landsat-8, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7386-3814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Derkacheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9osciences de l\u2019Environnement\u2014Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP, 38400 Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9155-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremie","family":"Mouginot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9osciences de l\u2019Environnement\u2014Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP, 38400 Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France"},{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7987-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Millan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9osciences de l\u2019Environnement\u2014Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP, 38400 Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9osciences de l\u2019Environnement\u2014Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP, 38400 Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Gillet-Chaulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9osciences de l\u2019Environnement\u2014Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP, 38400 Grenoble, Is\u00e8re, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7209","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061836","article-title":"Distinct patterns of seasonal Greenland glacier velocity","volume":"41","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9379","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074370","article-title":"Spatial Patterns of Summer Speedup on South Central Alaska Glaciers","volume":"44","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JF003494","article-title":"Seasonal to multiyear variability of glacier surface velocity, terminus position, and sea ice\/ice m\u00e9lange in northwest Greenland","volume":"120","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-2087-2018","article-title":"Ice velocity of Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6, Petermann Glacier, Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, and Zachari\u00e6 Isstr\u00f8m, 2015\u20132017, from Sentinel 1-a\/b SAR imagery","volume":"12","author":"Lemos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14156","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212647110","article-title":"Enhanced basal lubrication and the contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to future sea-level rise","volume":"110","author":"Shannon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.12.037","article-title":"Seasonal speedup of the Greenland Ice Sheet linked to routing of surface water","volume":"302","author":"Palmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19719","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315843110","article-title":"Greenland ice sheet motion insensitive to exceptional meltwater forcing","volume":"110","author":"Tedstone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812883116","article-title":"Four decades of Antarctic ice sheet mass balance from 1979\u20132017","volume":"116","author":"Rignot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1904242116","article-title":"Forty-six years of Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance from 1972 to 2018","volume":"116","author":"Mouginot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048659","article-title":"A mass conservation approach for mapping glacier ice thickness","volume":"38","author":"Morlighem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-1433-2018","article-title":"Design and results of the ice sheet model initialisation initMIP-Greenland: An ISMIP6 intercomparison","volume":"12","author":"Goelzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-13-1441-2019","article-title":"initMIP-Antarctica: An ice sheet model initialization experiment of ISMIP6","volume":"13","author":"Seroussi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4092753","article-title":"Mapping of ice motion in antarctica using synthetic-aperture radar data","volume":"4","author":"Mouginot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051634","article-title":"Ice flow in Greenland for the International Polar Year 2008\u20132009","volume":"39","author":"Rignot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3189\/002214310792447734","article-title":"Greenland flow variability from ice-sheet-wide velocity mapping","volume":"56","author":"Joughin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.11.023","article-title":"Rapid large-area mapping of ice flow using Landsat 8","volume":"185","author":"Fahnestock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Scambos, T., Fahnestock, M., Moon, T., Gardner, A., and Klinger, M. (2016). Global Land Ice Velocity Extraction from Landsat 8 (Go-LIVE), NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Version 1."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9371","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70709371","article-title":"The Sentinel-1 mission: New opportunities for ice sheet observations","volume":"7","author":"Nagler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., Scheuchl, B., and Millan, R. (2017). Comprehensive Annual Ice Sheet Velocity Mapping Using Landsat-8, Sentinel-1, and RADARSAT-2 Data. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9040364"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.07.012","article-title":"A processing system to monitor Greenland outlet glacier velocity variations at decadal and seasonal time scales utilizing the Landsat imagery","volume":"169","author":"Rosenau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-2211-2018","article-title":"Greenland Ice Mapping Project: Ice flow velocity variation at sub-monthly to decadal timescales","volume":"12","author":"Joughin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2017.00053","article-title":"Weekly glacier flow estimation from dense satellite time series using adapted optical flow technology","volume":"5","author":"Altena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Rabatel, A., Jeong, S., Cusicanqui, D., Derkacheva, A., and Chekki, M. (2019). Mapping surface flow velocity of glaciers at regional scale using a multiple sensors approach. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212498"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-13-795-2019","article-title":"Extracting recent short-term glacier velocity evolution over southern Alaska and the Yukon from a large collection of Landsat data","volume":"13","author":"Altena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JF003842","article-title":"A modeling study of the effect of runoff variability on the effective pressure beneath Russell Glacier, West Greenland","volume":"121","author":"Morlighem","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3189\/2013JoG12J143","article-title":"Ice flow dynamics and surface meltwater flux at a land-terminating sector of the Greenland ice sheet","volume":"59","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153288","article-title":"Seasonal Speedup Along the Western Flank of the Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"320","author":"Joughin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemos, A., Shepherd, A., Mcmillan, M., and Hogg, A.E. (2018). Seasonal Variations in the Flow of Land-Terminating Glaciers in Central-West Greenland Using Sentinel-1 Imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121878"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8572","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069287","article-title":"Grounding line retreat of Pope, Smith, and Kohler Glaciers, West Antarctica, measured with Sentinel-1a radar interferometry data","volume":"43","author":"Scheuchl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000003075","article-title":"Flow of Glaciar Moreno, Argentina, from repeat-pass Shuttle Imaging Radar images: Comparison of the phase correlation method with radar interferometry","volume":"45","author":"Michel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.08.023","article-title":"Performance of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager for mapping ice sheet velocity","volume":"170","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO050004","article-title":"Updated repeat orbit interferometry package released","volume":"85","author":"Rosen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eos"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw5406","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw5406","article-title":"Sliding dominates slow-flowing margin regions, Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"5","author":"Maier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1979.10481038","article-title":"Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots","volume":"74","author":"Cleveland","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478639","article-title":"Locally weighted regression: An approach to regression analysis by local fitting","volume":"83","author":"Cleveland","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47037-5_12","article-title":"Soil Moisture Dynamics Estimated from MODIS Time Series Images","volume":"20","author":"Gumbricht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multitemporal Remote Sens. Methods Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Z., J\u00f6nsson, P., Jin, H., and Eklundh, L. (2017). Performance of smoothing methods for reconstructing NDVI time-series and estimating vegetation phenology from MODIS data. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121271"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8238","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098238","article-title":"Noise reduction and gap filling of fAPAR time series using an adapted local regression filter","volume":"6","author":"Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClarren, R.G. (2018). Computational Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Science Using Python, Academic Press. Chapter 10\u2014Interpolation.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812253-2.00012-1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Boor, C. (1978). A Practical Guide to Splines, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-6333-3"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.043","article-title":"The glaciers climate change initiative: Methods for creating glacier area, elevation change and velocity products","volume":"162","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.02.007","article-title":"Time-lapse optical flow regularization for geophysical complex phenomena monitoring","volume":"150","author":"Hadhri","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, H., Cromwell, E., Kravitz, B., and Chen, X. (2019). Using deep learning to fill spatio-temporal data gaps in hydrological monitoring networks. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-2019-196"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pashova, L., Koprinkova-Hristova, P., and Popova, S. (2013). Gap filling of daily sea levels by artificial neural networks. TransNav Int. J. Mar. Navig. Saf. Sea Trans., 7.","DOI":"10.12716\/1001.07.02.10"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, H., Flores, J.J., Puig, V., Morales, L., Guerra, A., and Calderon, F. (2017). Wind speed time series reconstruction using a hybrid neural genetic approach. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/93\/1\/012020"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90101-O","article-title":"Application of image cross-correlation to the measurement of glacier velocity using satellite image data","volume":"42","author":"Scambos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2643699","article-title":"Improved Multiple Matching Method for Observing Glacier Motion with Repeat Image Feature Tracking","volume":"55","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/12\/1935\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:39:16Z","timestamp":1760175556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/12\/1935"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12121935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12121935","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]}}}