{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T07:03:05Z","timestamp":1773471785311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-05743S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-05743S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010653","name":"Masarykova Univerzita","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MUNI\/A\/1356\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MUNI\/A\/1356\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Central European forests suffered from severe, large-scale atmospheric depositions of sulfur and nitrogen due to coal-based energy production during the 20th century. High deposition of acid compounds distorted soil chemistry and had negative effects on forest physiology and growth. Since 1994, continuous data on atmospheric deposition and stream runoff fluxes have provided evidence of ecosystem recovery from acidification. In this study, we combined for the first time mass budget data (sulfur deposition and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) export) from the GEOMON monitoring network of headwater catchments with annual trajectories of vegetation indices derived from Landsat remote sensing observations. Time series of selected vegetation indices was constructed from Landsat 5, 7, and 8 using Google Earth Engine. Linear regression between the field data and vegetation indices was analyzed using R software. Biogeochemical responses of the forested catchment to declining acid deposition (driven by SO2 emission reduction) were consistent across all catchments covering various forest stands from different regions of the Czech Republic. Significant correlations were found with total sulfur depositions, suggesting that the forests are continuously and consistently prospering from reductions in acid deposition. Disturbance index (DI) was the only vegetation index that was well-related to changes in forest cover associated with salvage loggings (due to the forest decline) during the 1980s and 1990s. A significant relationship (R2 = 0.82) was found between the change in DI and DIN export in stream water. Regrowth of young forests in these highly affected areas tracks the most pronounced changes in total DIN export, suggesting a prominent role of vegetation in nitrogen retention. With the Landsat-derived DI, we could map decennial changes in forest disturbances beyond the small scale of the catchments to the regional level (demonstrated here for two protected landscape areas). This analysis showed the peak in forest disturbances to have occurred around the mid-1990s, followed by forest recovery and regrowth. Despite the improvement in forest ecosystem functioning over the past three decades in mountainous areas, emerging threats connected to changing climate will shape forest development in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12121944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T13:20:43Z","timestamp":1592313643000},"page":"1944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Landsat-Based Indices Reveal Consistent Recovery of Forested Stream Catchments from Acid Deposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7976-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian","family":"\u0160vik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, B\u011blidla 986\/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Laboratory on Geoinformatics and Cartography, Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Oulehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, B\u011blidla 986\/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Czech Geological Survey, Kl\u00e1rov 3, 118 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Kr\u00e1m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, B\u011blidla 986\/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Czech Geological Survey, Kl\u00e1rov 3, 118 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1830-7556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u016f\u017eena","family":"Janoutov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, B\u011blidla 986\/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Tajovsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory on Geoinformatics and Cartography, Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7455-2834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Homolov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, B\u011blidla 986\/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, January 03). 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