{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:14:31Z","timestamp":1772554471644,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFB0504900, 2018YFB0504904, 2016YFC0200900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504900, 2018YFB0504904, 2016YFC0200900"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41571344, 41701379, 41331174, and 41406205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41571344, 41701379, 41331174, and 41406205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite-based ocean color sensors have provided an unprecedentedly large amount of information on ocean, coastal and inland waters at varied spatial and temporal scales. However, observations are often adversely affected by cloud coverage and other poor weather conditions, like sun glint, and this influences the accuracy associated with long-term monitoring of water quality parameters. This study uses long-term (2013\u20132017) and high-frequency (eight observations per day) datasets from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), the first geostationary ocean color satellite sensor, to quantify the cloud coverage over China\u2019s seas, the resultant interrupted observations in remote sensing, and their impacts on the retrieval of total suspended sediments (TSS). The monthly mean cloud coverage for the East China Sea (ECS), Bohai Sea (BS) and Yellow Sea (YS) were 62.6%, 67.3% and 69.9%, respectively. Uncertainties regarding the long-term retrieved TSS were affected by a combination of the effects of cloud coverage and TSS variations. The effects of the cloud coverage dominated at the monthly scale, with the mean normalized bias (Pbias) at 14.1% (\u00b12.6%), 7.6% (\u00b12.3%) and 12.2% (\u00b14.3%) for TSS of the ECS, BS and YS, respectively. Cloud coverage-interfering observations with the Terra\/Aqua MODIS systems were also estimated, with monthly Pbias ranging from 6.5% (\u00b17.4%) to 20% (\u00b113.1%) for TSS products, and resulted in a smaller data range and lower maximum to minimum ratio compared to the eight GOCI observations. Furthermore, with approximately 16.7% monthly variations being missed during the periods, significant \u201cmissing trends\u201d effects were revealed in monthly TSS variations from Terra\/Aqua MODIS. For the entire region and the Bohai Sea, the most appropriate timeframe for sampling ranges from 12:30 to 15:30, while this timeframe was narrowed to from 13:30 to 15:30 for observations in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. This research project evaluated the effects of cloud coverage and times for sampling on the remote sensing monitoring of ocean color constituents, which would suggest the most appropriate timeframe for ocean color sensor scans, as well as in situ data collection, and can provide design specification guidance for future satellite sensor systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12121945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T13:11:32Z","timestamp":1592399492000},"page":"1945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sampling Uncertainties of Long-Term Remote-Sensing Suspended Sediments Monitoring over China\u2019s Seas: Impacts of Cloud Coverage and Sediment Variations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liqiao","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianghan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9136-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianguo","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7479-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingjun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, State Oceanic Administration, Beijing 10089, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruqing","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.6.695","article-title":"Remote Sensing Techniques to Assess Water Quality","volume":"69","author":"Ritchie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. 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