{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:41:36Z","timestamp":1781880096512,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. GJ20-28853Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. GJ20-28853Y"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal retreat is a non-recoverable phenomenon that\u2014together with a relevant proneness to landslides\u2014has economic, social and environmental impacts. Quantitative data on geological and geomorphologic features of such areas can help to predict and quantify the phenomena and to propose mitigation measures to reduce their impact. Coastal areas are often inaccessible for sampling and in situ surveys, in particular where steeply sloping cliffs are present. Uses and capability of infrared thermography (IRT) were reviewed, highlighting its suitability in geological and landslides hazard applications. Thanks to the high resolution of the cameras on the market, unmanned aerial vehicle-based IRT allows to acquire large amounts of data from inaccessible steep cliffs. Coupled structure-from-motion photogrammetry and coregistration of data can improve accuracy of IRT data. According to the strengths recognized in the reviewed literature, a three-step methodological approach to produce IRTs was proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12121971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T10:43:58Z","timestamp":1592563438000},"page":"1971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Thermal Remote Sensing from UAVs: A Review on Methods in Coastal Cliffs Prone to Landslides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0970-1244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Melis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu I, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-4006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Da Pelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu I, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Erb\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu I, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Loche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu I, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7019-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Deiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu I, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentino","family":"Demurtas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu I, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu I, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4874-954X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Dess\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu I, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4624-1606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Funedda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu I, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Scaioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Built environment and Construction engineering, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 31, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3505-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianvito","family":"Scaringi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.09.010","article-title":"Landslide geomorphology: An argument for recognition, with examples from New Zealand","volume":"120","author":"Crozier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.09.017","article-title":"The role of landslides in mountain range evolution","volume":"120","author":"Korup","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-18-2161-2018","article-title":"Global fatal landslide occurrence from 2004 to 2016","volume":"18","author":"Froude","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2016.08.011","article-title":"Landslides in a changing climate","volume":"162","author":"Gariano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-950X(2005)131:1(37)","article-title":"Frequency-Size Statistics of Coastal Soft-Cliff Erosion","volume":"131","author":"Dong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-004-0015-3","article-title":"Bedding-controlled coastal landslides in Southeast Britain between Axmouth and the Thames Estuary","volume":"1","author":"Bromhead","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1168","article-title":"Estimation of regional material yield from coastal landslides based on historical digital terrain modelling","volume":"30","author":"Hapke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.415","article-title":"The human cost of global warming: Deadly landslides and their triggers (1995\u20132014)","volume":"682","author":"Haque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-1096-8","article-title":"Shallow landslides predisposing and triggering factors in developing a regional early warning system","volume":"16","author":"Tiranti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2013.08.006","article-title":"Evaluation of prediction capability of the artificial neural networks for mapping landslide susceptibility in the Turbolo River catchment (northern Calabria, Italy)","volume":"113","author":"Conforti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"129","article-title":"Slope instability recognition, analysis, and zonation","volume":"Volume 247","author":"Turner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Landslides, Investigation and Mitigation Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Special Report"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Landslide failure forecast in near-real-time","volume":"7","author":"Manconi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.03.022","article-title":"Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land use planning","volume":"102","author":"Fell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roodposhti, M.S., Aryal, J., and Pradhan, B. (2019). A Novel Rule-based Approach in Mapping Landslide Susceptibility. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102274"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(99)00122-2","article-title":"A critical review of landslide monitoring experiences","volume":"55","author":"Angeli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(02)00196-5","article-title":"Landslide monitoring by using ground-based SAR interferometry: An example of application to the Tessina landslide in Italy","volume":"68","author":"Tarchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.02.001","article-title":"Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem","volume":"112","author":"Guzzetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-18-405-2018","article-title":"Criteria for the optimal selection of remote sensing optical images to map event landslides","volume":"18","author":"Fiorucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133309339563","article-title":"A review of the status of satellite remote sensing and image processing techniques for mapping natural hazards and disasters","volume":"33","author":"Joyce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2016.1238850","article-title":"Landslides investigations from geoinformatics perspective: Quality, challenges, and recommendations","volume":"8","author":"Pirasteh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RG000626","article-title":"Earthquake-Induced Chains of Geologic Hazards: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Impacts","volume":"57","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2020.1745903","article-title":"Analyzing the formation mechanism of the Xuyong landslide, Sichuan province, China, and emergency monitoring based on multiple remote sensing platform techniques","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2018.1444944","article-title":"Assessing the suitability of Sentinel-1 data for landslide mapping","volume":"51","author":"Kyriou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0851-6","article-title":"Landslide-hazard mapping through multi-technique activity assessment: An example from the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain)","volume":"14","author":"Palenzuela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2018.1435564","article-title":"Determination of mass movements in slow-motion landslides by the Cosi-Corr method","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaioni, M. (2015). Introduction. Modern Technologies for Landslide Monitoring and Prediction, Springer. Springer Natural Hazards.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45931-7"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2017.09.003","article-title":"A chemo-mechanical insight into the failure mechanism of frequently occurred landslides in the Loess Plateau, Gansu Province, China","volume":"228","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.013","article-title":"Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote sensing: A review","volume":"92","author":"Colomina","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12244","article-title":"RPV, UAV, UAS, RPAS \u2026 or just drone?","volume":"33","author":"Granshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u2018Structure-from-Motion\u2019 photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Vosselman, G., and Maas, H.G. (2010). Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-014-0151-y","article-title":"Change detection and deformation analysis using static and mobile laser scanning","volume":"7","author":"Lindenbergh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.79.5.441","article-title":"Change Detection and Deformation Analysis in Point Clouds","volume":"79","author":"Scaioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2019.1571533","article-title":"Application of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) for monitoring bank erosion along river corridors","volume":"10","author":"Hamshaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Integrated detection and analysis of earthquake disaster information using airborne data","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2016.1181678","article-title":"Active interseismic shallow deformation of the Pingting terraces (Longitudinal Valley\u2013Eastern Taiwan) from UAV high-resolution topographic data combined with InSAR time series","volume":"8","author":"Deffontaines","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201736","article-title":"Time Series Analysis of Landslide Dynamics Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)","volume":"7","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorbanzadeh, O., Meena, S.R., Blaschke, T., and Aryal, J. (2019). UAV-Based Slope Failure Detection Using Deep-Learning Convolutional Neural Networks. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11172046"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0907-7","article-title":"Failure mechanism and kinematics of the deadly June 24th 2017 Xinmo landslide, Maoxian, Sichuan, China","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-1084-z","article-title":"The \u201clong\u201d runout rock avalanche in Pusa, China, on August 28, 2017: A preliminary report","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20235","article-title":"Cooperative use of unmanned sea surface and micro aerial vehicles at Hurricane Wilma","volume":"25","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20304","article-title":"CONOPS and autonomy recommendations for VTOL small unmanned aerial system based on Hurricane Katrina operations","volume":"26","author":"Pratt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina, P., Colomina, I., Vitoria, T., Silva, P.F., Skaloud, J., Kornus, W., Prades, R., and Aguilera, C. (2012). Searching Lost People with UAVs: The System and Results of the CLOSE-SEARCH Project. ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 441\u2013446.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-441-2012"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.5623\/cig2014-402","article-title":"The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Disaster Management","volume":"68","author":"Griffin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomatica"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15717","DOI":"10.3390\/s150715717","article-title":"UAV Deployment Exercise for Mapping Purposes: Evaluation of Emergency Response Applications","volume":"15","author":"Boccardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-0960-x","article-title":"Coseismic landslides triggered by the 8th August 2017 Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake (Sichuan, China): Factors controlling their spatial distribution and implications for the seismogenic blind fault identification","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2017.1315619","article-title":"Use of unmanned aerial vehicles in monitoring application and management of natural hazards","volume":"8","author":"Giordan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2018.08.022","article-title":"High-resolution spectroscopy for detecting stratigraphic surfaces and stacking patterns in sedimentary basins","volume":"88","author":"Tognoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. South Am. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2004.08.042","article-title":"Using ASTER remote sensing data set for geological mapping, in Namibia","volume":"30","author":"Gomez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A B C"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.11.019","article-title":"Towards automatic lithological classification from remote sensing data using support vector machines","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50828","article-title":"Landslide velocity, thickness, and rheology from remote sensing: La Clapi\u00e8re landslide, France","volume":"40","author":"Booth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/25726838.2019.1578031","article-title":"Automated lithological classification using UAV and machine learning on an open cast mine","volume":"128","author":"Beretta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"959","article-title":"bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis","volume":"11","author":"Aria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inf."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"176","article-title":"Integrating remote sensing data for the assessments of coastal cliffs hazard: MAREGOT project","volume":"1","author":"Deiana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Obs. Adv. Chang. World"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Melis, M.T., Locci, F., Dess\u00ec, F., and Vuillermoz, E. (2014). Dust Storm Monitoring with MODIS Data on the Multan Region (Pakistan), Rendiconti Online Societa Geologica Italiana."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Vuillermoz, E., Cristofanelli, P., Putero, D., Verza, G., Alborighetti, M., Melis, M.T., Rasul, G., Listo, L., and Bonasoni, P. (2014). Sustainable Social, Economic and Environmental Revitalization in Multan City. Sustainable Social, Economic and Environmental Revitalization in Multan City, Springer. Research for Development."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuenzer, C., and Dech, S. (2013). Theoretical Background of Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing. Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing: Sensors, Methods, Applications, Springer Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6639-6"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"239","article-title":"Thermal Remote Sensing: Concepts, issues and applications","volume":"XXXIII","author":"Prakash","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Sabins, F.F., and Ellis, J.M. (2020). Remote Sensing: Principles, Interpretation, and Applications, Waveland Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Schowengerdt, R. (2012). Remote Sensing 2nd Edition Models and Methods for Image Processing, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackett, M. (2017). An Overview of Infrared Remote Sensing of Volcanic Activity. J. Imaging, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging3020013"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110114637","article-title":"Thermal imaging of an active lava lake: Erta \u2019Ale volcano, Ethiopia","volume":"23","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.07.003","article-title":"Testing satellite and ground thermal imaging of low-temperature fumarolic fields: The dormant Nisyros Volcano (Greece)","volume":"62","author":"Lagios","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2011.01.003","article-title":"Volcano surveillance using infrared cameras","volume":"106","author":"Spampinato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2019.00052","article-title":"Real-Time Geophysical Monitoring of Particle Size Distribution during Volcanic Explosions at Stromboli Volcano (Italy)","volume":"7","author":"Pioli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2018.01.006","article-title":"An algorithm for the detection and characterisation of volcanic plumes using thermal camera imagery","volume":"352","author":"Bombrun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prendes-Gero, M.B., Su\u00e1rez-Dom\u00ednguez, F.J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Nicieza, C., and \u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez, M.I. (2013, January 23\u201326). Infrared Thermography Methodology Applied to Detect Localized Rockfalls in Self-Supporting Underground Mines. Proceedings of the ISRM-EUROCK-2013-129, Wroclaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15683-141"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czajkowski, K., Goward, S., Mulhern, T., Goetz, S., Walz, A., Shirey, D., Stadler, S., Prince, S., Dubayah, R., and Quattrochi, D. (2004). Estimating environmental variables using thermal remote sensing. Therm. Remote Sens. Land Surf. Process., 11\u201332.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203502174-c2"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njoku, E.G. (2014). Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-36699-9"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700995","article-title":"A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images","volume":"36","author":"Gillespie","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"141","article-title":"Emissivity mapping over urban areas using a classification-based approach: Application to the Dual-use European Security IR Experiment (DESIREX)","volume":"18","author":"Sobrino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168708954793","article-title":"The impact of spectral emissivity on the measurement of land surface temperature from a satellite","volume":"8","author":"Becker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7027","DOI":"10.1029\/JB095iB05p07027","article-title":"Spectral properties of land surfaces in the thermal infrared: 1. Laboratory measurements of absolute spectral emissivity signatures","volume":"95","author":"Nerry","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90096-3","article-title":"A comparison of techniques for extracting emissivity information from thermal infrared data for geologic studies","volume":"42","author":"Hook","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Liang, S., and Wang, J. (2020). Land surface temperature and thermal infrared emissivity. Advanced Remote Sensing: Terrestrial Information Extraction and Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"41","article-title":"An Overview of Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing with Applications to Geothermal and Mineral Exploration in the Great Basin, Western United States","volume":"16","author":"Taranik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Spectr. Geol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/met.287","article-title":"Remote sensing land surface temperature for meteorology and climatology: A review","volume":"18","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-017-1630-0","article-title":"Thermal infrared remote sensing in assessing groundwater and surface-water resources related to Hannukainen mining development site, northern Finland","volume":"26","author":"Rautio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.782113","article-title":"Prediction of water temperature heterogeneity of braided rivers using very high resolution thermal infrared (TIR) images","volume":"34","author":"Wawrzyniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4236\/ars.2014.33011","article-title":"Applications of Thermal Imaging in Agriculture\u2014A Review","volume":"3","author":"Ishimwe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2017.08.001","article-title":"Combining airborne thermal infrared images and radium isotopes to study submarine groundwater discharge along the French Mediterranean coastline","volume":"13","author":"Bejannin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124907","article-title":"Permeability and voids influence on the thermal signal, as inferred by multitemporal UAV-based infrared and visible images","volume":"587","author":"Antoine","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.04.001","article-title":"Advantages using the thermal infrared (TIR) to detect and quantify semi-arid soil properties","volume":"163","author":"Eisele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.77.2.441","article-title":"Evaluation of 0.46- to 2.36-mu m Multispectral Scanner Images of the East Tintic Mining District, Utah, for Mapping Hydrothermally Altered Rock","volume":"77","author":"Rowan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.03.009","article-title":"Who launched what, when and why; trends in global land-cover observation capacity from civilian earth observation satellites","volume":"103","author":"Belward","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrams, M., and Yamaguchi, Y. (2019). Twenty Years of ASTER Contributions to Lithologic Mapping and Mineral Exploration. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111394"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mushkin, A., Gillespie, A.R., Abbott, E.A., Batbaatar, J., Hulley, G., Tan, H., Tratt, D.M., and Buckland, K.N. (2020). Validation of ASTER Emissivity Retrieval Using the Mako Airborne TIR Imaging Spectrometer at the Algodones Dune Field in Southern California, USA. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050815"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousefi, B., Sojasi, S., Castanedo, C.I., Beaudoin, G., Huot, F., Maldague, X.P.V., Chamberland, M., and Lalonde, E. (2016, January 14). Emissivity retrieval from indoor hyperspectral imaging of mineral grains. Proceedings of the SPIE, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2224379"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quattrochi, D., and Luvall, J. (2004). Thermal Remote Sensing in Land Surface Processing, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203502174"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032508","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle measurements of volcanic carbon dioxide fluxes","volume":"35","author":"Mcgonigle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsg.2019.02.004","article-title":"UAV-based surveying in volcano-tectonics: An example from the Iceland rift","volume":"121","author":"Bonali","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Sheng, H., Chao, H., Coopmans, C., Han, J., McKee, M., and Chen, Y. (2020, April 13). Low-cost UAV-Based Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing: Platform, Calibration and Applications-IEEE Conference Publication. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/5552031\/."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-0978-0","article-title":"Multitemporal UAV surveys for landslide mapping and characterization","volume":"15","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Eisenbeiss, H. (2009). UAV Photogrammetry. [Ph.D. Thesis, ETH Zurich]."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2011.00657.x","article-title":"Investigation of uav systems and flight modes for photogrammetric applications","volume":"26","author":"Eisenbeiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-013-0120-x","article-title":"UAV for 3D mapping applications: A review","volume":"6","author":"Nex","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frodella, W., Elashvili, M., Spizzichino, D., Gigli, G., Adikashvili, L., Vacheishvili, N., Kirkitadze, G., Nadaraia, A., Margottini, C., and Casagli, N. (2020). Combining InfraRed Thermography and UAV Digital Photogrammetry for the Protection and Conservation of Rupestrian Cultural Heritage Sites in Georgia: A Methodological Application. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050892"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaioni, M., Longoni, L., Melillo, V., and Papini, M. (2014). Remote Sensing for Landslide Investigations: An Overview of Recent Achievements and Perspectives. Remote Sens., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109600"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.08.028","article-title":"Does energy dissipation increase with ecosystem succession? Testing the ecosystem exergy theory combining theoretical simulations and thermal remote sensing observations","volume":"222","author":"Maes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maes, W., Huete, A., and Steppe, K. (2017). Optimizing the Processing of UAV-Based Thermal Imagery. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050476"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, X., Chen, D.M., Duan, S.-B., Lei, Y., Dou, Y., and Hu, G. (2017). Validation and Analysis of Long-Term AATSR Land Surface Temperature Product in the Heihe River Basin, China. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020152"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frodella, W., Gigli, G., Morelli, S., Lombardi, L., and Casagli, N. (2017). Landslide Mapping and Characterization through Infrared Thermography (IRT): Suggestions for a Methodological Approach from Some Case Studies. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121281"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90030-P","article-title":"Thermal infrared radiance model for interpreting the directional radiometric temperature of a vegetative surface","volume":"33","author":"Sobrino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111304","article-title":"A review of earth surface thermal radiation directionality observing and modeling: Historical development, current status and perspectives","volume":"232","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Thermal Camera Imaging of Rock Piles at the Questa Molybdenum Mine, Questa, New Mexico","volume":"2005","author":"Shannon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Min. Reclam."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2005.04.005","article-title":"Integrity assessment of rock mass behind the shotcreted slope using thermography","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.10.022","article-title":"IRTROCK: A MATLAB toolbox for contactless recognition of surface and shallow weakness of a rock cliff by infrared thermography","volume":"45","author":"Teza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"15","article-title":"Application of infrared thermography for mapping open fractures in deep-seated rockslides and unstable cliffs","volume":"11","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-016-0992-2","article-title":"The Use of Infrared Thermography for Porosity Assessment of Intact Rock","volume":"49","author":"Mineo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiorucci, M., Marmoni, G.M., Martino, S., and Mazzanti, P. (2018). Thermal Response of Jointed Rock Masses Inferred from Infrared Thermographic Surveying (Acuto Test-Site, Italy). Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072221"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagan, V., Maimaitijiang, M., Sagan, V., Eblimit, K., Peterson, K., Hartling, S., Esposito, F., Khanal, K., Newcomb, M., and Pauli, D. (2019). UAV-Based High Resolution Thermal Imaging for Vegetation Monitoring, and Plant Phenotyping Using ICI 8640 P, FLIR Vue Pro R 640, and thermoMap Cameras. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030330"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.12.013","article-title":"Automatic thermographic and RGB texture of as-built BIM for energy rehabilitation purposes","volume":"31","author":"Armesto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2016.01.010","article-title":"InfraRed Thermography proposed for the estimation of the Cooling Rate Index in the remote survey of rock masses","volume":"83","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110115834","article-title":"Geo-atmospheric processing of airborne imaging spectrometry data. Part 1: Parametric orthorectification","volume":"23","author":"Richter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2010457","article-title":"Thermal and Narrowband Multispectral Remote Sensing for Vegetation Monitoring From an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","volume":"47","author":"Suarez","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.006","article-title":"Sensor modelling and camera calibration for close-range photogrammetry","volume":"115","author":"Luhmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.CIDE1302","article-title":"Applications of structure from motion: A survey","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. C"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.11.021","article-title":"Optimising UAV topographic surveys processed with structure-from-motion: Ground control quality, quantity and bundle adjustment","volume":"280","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20154827","article-title":"Introduction to Vertical Geology thematic issue","volume":"48","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12237","article-title":"Structure from motion: Origins and originality","volume":"33","author":"Granshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaioni, M., Crippa, J., Corti, M., Barazzetti, L., Fugazza, D., Azzoni, R., Cernuschi, M., and Diolaiuti, G.A. (2018). Technical Aspects Related to the Application of SFM Photogrammetry in High Mountain. ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 1029\u20131036.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-1029-2018"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.10.003","article-title":"Unmanned Aerial Systems and DSM matching for rock glacier monitoring","volume":"127","author":"Forlani","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.05.009","article-title":"Real-time georeferencing of thermal images using small fixed-wing UAVs in maritime environments","volume":"154","author":"Helgesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"79","article-title":"Combining UAV-based plant height from crop surface models, visible, and near infrared vegetation indices for biomass monitoring in barley","volume":"39","author":"Bendig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Thomasson, J.A., Murray, S.C., Pugh, N.A., Rooney, W.L., Shafian, S., Rajan, N., Rouze, G., Morgan, C.L.S., and Neely, H.L. (2016). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for High-Throughput Phenotyping and Agronomic Research. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159781"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2565471","article-title":"Remote Sensing of 3-D Geometry and Surface Moisture of a Peat Production Area Using Hyperspectral Frame Cameras in Visible to Short-Wave Infrared Spectral Ranges Onboard a Small Unmanned Airborne Vehicle (UAV)","volume":"54","author":"Honkavaara","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.10.002","article-title":"Structure from Motion for aerial thermal imagery at city scale: Pre-processing, camera calibration, accuracy assessment","volume":"146","author":"Conte","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-2-W3-25-2017","article-title":"PHOTOGRAMMETRIC 3D BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION FROM THERMAL IMAGES","volume":"2","author":"Maset","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6054003","article-title":"Spatial Co-Registration of Ultra-High Resolution Visible, Multispectral and Thermal Images Acquired with a Micro-UAV over Antarctic Moss Beds","volume":"6","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.09.014","article-title":"Georeferenced thermal infrared images from UAV surveys as a potential tool to detect and characterize shallow cave ducts","volume":"246","author":"Guerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2016.02.013","article-title":"Productivity, stand dynamics and the selection effect in a mixed willow clone short rotation coppice plantation","volume":"87","author":"Dillen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-20-697-2016","article-title":"Estimating evaporation with thermal UAV data and two-source energy balance models","volume":"20","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"305","article-title":"Generation of Multitemporal Thermal Orthophotos from UAV Data","volume":"XL-1-W2","author":"Pech","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73503","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.7.073503","article-title":"Rigorous procedure for mapping thermal infrared images on three-dimensional models of building fa\u00e7ades","volume":"7","author":"Previtali","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.07.015","article-title":"A fast and mobile system for registration of low-altitude visual and thermal aerial images using multiple small-scale UAVs","volume":"104","author":"Yahyanejad","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann, W., Tilch, S., Eisenbeiss, H., and Schindler, K. (2012). Determination of the UAV Position by Automatic Processing of Thermal Images. ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 111\u2013116.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B6-111-2012"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boesch, R. (2017). Thermal Remote Sensing with UAV-Based Workflows. ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 41\u201346.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W6-41-2017"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostermann, F. (2014). Anwendungstechnologie Aluminium, Springer Vieweg. VDI-Buch; 3, neu bearbeitete Auflage.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43807-7"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuenzer, C., and Dech, S. (2013). Geometric Calibration of Thermographic Cameras. Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6639-6"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matese, A., and Di Gennaro, S.F. (2018). Practical Applications of a Multisensor UAV Platform Based on Multispectral, Thermal and RGB High Resolution Images in Precision Viticulture. Agriculture, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture8070116"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2019.01.018","article-title":"Review of drones, photogrammetry and emerging sensor technology for the study of dykes: Best practises and future potential","volume":"373","author":"Dering","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucci, G., Parisi, E.I., Castelli, G., Errico, A., Corongiu, M., Sona, G., Viviani, E., Bresci, E., and Preti, F. (2019). Multi-Sensor UAV Application for Thermal Analysis on a Dry-Stone Terraced Vineyard in Rural Tuscany Landscape. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8020087"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tewinkel, G.C. (1963). Basic mathematics of photogrammetry, Manual of Photogrammetry.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.970693"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piralilou, S.T., Shahabi, H., Jarihani, B., Ghorbanzadeh, O., Blaschke, T., Gholamnia, K., Meena, S.R., and Aryal, J. (2019). Landslide Detection Using Multi-Scale Image Segmentation and Different Machine Learning Models in the Higher Himalayas. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212575"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Wolf, P.R., Dewitt, B.A., and Wilkinson, B.E. (2014). Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS, McGraw-Hill Education. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Danzi, M., Di Crescenzo, G., Ramondini, M., and Santo, A. (2013). Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Uavs) for Photogrammetric Surveys in Rockfall Instability Studies, Rendiconti Online Societa Geologica Italiana."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-015-0600-7","article-title":"A methodology to obtain the block size distribution of fragmental rockfall deposits","volume":"12","author":"Corominas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaioni, M. (2015). A New Approach Based on Terrestrial Remote-sensing Techniques for Rock Fall Hazard Assessment. Modern Technologies for Landslide Monitoring and Prediction, Springer. Springer Natural Hazards.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45931-7"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.08.006","article-title":"Camera pose refinement by matching uncertain 3D building models with thermal infrared image sequences for high quality texture extraction","volume":"132","author":"Iwaszczuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.03.010","article-title":"Fusion of thermal imagery with point clouds for building fa\u00e7ade thermal attribute mapping","volume":"151","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3091847","article-title":"Mapping Infrared Data on Terrestrial Laser Scanning 3D Models of Buildings","volume":"3","author":"Alba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Liang, S., and Wang, J. (2020). Chapter 7-Land surface temperature and thermal infrared emissivity. Advanced Remote Sensing, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2015.06.010","article-title":"Integrated geostructural, seismic and infrared thermography surveys for the study of an unstable rock slope in the Peloritani Chain (NE Sicily)","volume":"195","author":"Mineo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2017.1345796","article-title":"Structure from motion (SfM) processing of UAV images and combination with terrestrial laser scanning, applied for a 3D-documentation in a hazardous situation","volume":"8","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Liu, S., Wu, L., and Ma, B. (2011, January 12\u201316). Infrared Imaging Detection of Hidden Danger in Mine Engineering. Proceedings of the PIERS, Suzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Squarzoni, C., Galgaro, A., Teza, G., Acosta, C.A.T., Pernito, M.A., and Bucceri, N. (2008). Terrestrial laser scanner and infrared thermography in rock fall prone slope analysis. Geophys. Res. Abstr., 10, EGU2008-A-09254."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"Michal, F., and Pavel, B. (2013, January 21\u201328). Infrared Thermographic Survey of Pseudokarst Sites in The Fysch Belt Of Outer West Carpathians (Czech Republic). Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Speleology, Brno, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"212","article-title":"Application of Infrared Thermography for the survey of intensely jointed rock slopes","volume":"35","author":"Mineo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rend. Online Soc. Geol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-1026-9","article-title":"Combining field data with infrared thermography and DInSAR surveys to evaluate the activity of landslides: The case study of Randazzo Landslide (NE Sicily)","volume":"15","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chicco, J., Vacha, D., and Mandrone, G. (2019). Thermo-Physical and Geo-Mechanical Characterization of Faulted Carbonate Rock Masses (Valdieri, Italy). Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020179"},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"319","article-title":"Suggested methods for the quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses: International Society for Rock Mechanics","volume":"15","author":"Barton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priest, S.D. (1993). Discontinuity Analysis for Rock Engineering, Springer Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-1498-1"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.04.012","article-title":"An easy-to-use MATLAB program (MamLand) for the assessment of landslide susceptibility using a Mamdani fuzzy algorithm","volume":"38","author":"Akgun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49336-1","article-title":"Detection of rock bridges by infrared thermal imaging and modeling","volume":"9","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"Pradhan, S.P., Vishal, V., and Singh, T.N. (2019). Study of Jointed and Weathered Rock Slopes through the Innovative Approach of InfraRed Thermography. Landslides: Theory, Practice and Modelling, Springer International Publishing. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian, S.S., Fan, X., Yunus, A.P., Van Asch, T., Scaringi, G., Xu, Q., Dai, L., Ishikawa, T., and Huang, R. (2020). A Sequentially Coupled Catchment-Scale Numerical Model for Snowmelt-Induced Soil Slope Instabilities. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JF005468"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.06.006","article-title":"Climate change impacts on groundwater and soil temperatures in cold and temperate regions: Implications, mathematical theory, and emerging simulation tools","volume":"138","author":"Kurylyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"39","article-title":"Soil temperature responses to climate change along a gradient of upland\u2013riparian transect in boreal forest","volume":"70","author":"Oni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6975","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069604","article-title":"Experimental evidence for shallow, slow-moving landslides activated by a decrease in ground temperature","volume":"43","author":"Shibasaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013241","article-title":"Temperature-dependent residual shear strength characteristics of smectite-bearing landslide soils","volume":"122","author":"Shibasaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2005.06.011","article-title":"Thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of two heavily overconsolidated clays","volume":"81","author":"Romero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"04017067","article-title":"Coupled Thermohydromechanical Double-Structure Model for Expansive Soils","volume":"143","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2020.105549","article-title":"Water retention of a bentonite for deep geological radioactive waste repositories: High-temperature experiments and thermodynamic modeling","volume":"269","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2003.12.026","article-title":"Influence of temperature on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of a compacted bentonite","volume":"26","author":"Villar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, N., and Mitchell, J.K. (2019). Emerging Thermal Issues in Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical Fundamentals for Addressing New World Challenges, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-06249-1"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.09.024","article-title":"Subaerial and subaqueous dynamics of coastal rockfalls","volume":"115","author":"Mazzanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-011-0350-2","article-title":"Stability analysis of \u201cGrotta delle Felci\u201d Cliff (Capri Island, Italy): Structural, engineering\u2013geological, photogrammetric surveys and laser scanning","volume":"70","author":"Salvini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1086\/628340","article-title":"A Relationship between Wave-Induced Cliff Erosion and Erosive Force of Waves","volume":"85","author":"Sunamura","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.03.033","article-title":"Rocky coast geomorphology and erosional processes: A case study along the Murgia coastline South of Bari, Apulia\u2014SE Italy","volume":"87","author":"Andriani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1982)93<644:SCTPPA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sea cliffs: Their processes, profiles, and classification","volume":"93","author":"Emery","year":"1982","journal-title":"GSA Bull."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-013-0436-y","article-title":"The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update","volume":"11","author":"Hungr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.91.481","article-title":"Rocky coast processes: With special reference to the recession of soft rock cliffs","volume":"91","author":"Sunamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(99)00089-7","article-title":"A methodology for the study of the relation between coastal cliff erosion and the mechanical strength of soils and rock masses","volume":"56","author":"Budetta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-867-2012","article-title":"Detailed rock failure susceptibility mapping in steep rocky coasts by means of non-contact geostructural surveys: The case study of the Tigullio Gulf (Eastern Liguria, Northern Italy)","volume":"12","author":"Cevasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-011-0351-1","article-title":"Heterogeneous rock mass classification by means of the geological strength index: The San Mauro formation (Cilento, Italy)","volume":"70","author":"Budetta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"25","article-title":"A stability assessment of coastal cliffs using digital imagery","volume":"12","author":"Benac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geotech. Slov."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1546-0","article-title":"Wedge failure hazard assessment by means of a probabilistic approach for an unstable sea-cliff","volume":"76","author":"Budetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-015-0798-6","article-title":"Quantitative rockfall risk assessment for an important road by means of the rockfall risk management (RO.MA.) method","volume":"75","author":"Budetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"Sunamura, T. (1992). The Geomorphology of Rocky Coasts, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-14-831-2014","article-title":"Integrating geomechanical surveys and remote sensing for sea cliff slope stability analysis: The Mt. Pucci case study (Italy)","volume":"14","author":"Martino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-014-0570-3","article-title":"An expert judgement approach to determining the physical vulnerability of roads to debris flow","volume":"73","author":"Winter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2016.1225229","article-title":"A methodology for acquisition and processing of thermal data acquired by UAVs: A test about subfluvial springs\u2019 investigations","volume":"8","author":"Aicardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12218","article-title":"Multitemporal monitoring of a coastal landslide through SfM-derived point cloud comparison","volume":"32","author":"Esposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2016.06.014","article-title":"Drone with thermal infrared camera provides high resolution georeferenced imagery of the Waikite geothermal area, New Zealand","volume":"325","author":"Harvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00179-9","article-title":"Analysis of vegetation within a semi-arid urban environment using high spatial resolution airborne thermal infrared remote sensing data","volume":"32","author":"Quattrochi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.06.009","article-title":"Detecting lithology with Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) multispectral thermal infrared \u201cradiance-at-sensor\u201d data","volume":"99","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.146","article-title":"Investigation on the mechanical attitude of basaltic rocks from Mount Etna through InfraRed Thermography and laboratory tests","volume":"134","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_198","unstructured":"Grechi, G., and Marino, S. (2019). Preliminary results from Multitemporal Infrared Thermography Surveys at the Wied-Il-Mielah Rock Arch (Island of Gozo). Ital. J. Eng. Geol. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/12\/1971\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:40:48Z","timestamp":1760175648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/12\/1971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12121971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12121971","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]}}}