{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T07:35:16Z","timestamp":1768808116872,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF- 2017M3D8A1092022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF- 2017M3D8A1092022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea Ministry of Environment","award":["2017000160001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017000160001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on the estimation of top-down NOx emissions over East Asia, integrating information on the levels of NO2 and NO, wind vector, and geolocation from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) observations and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations. An algorithm was developed based on mass conservation to estimate the 30 km \u00d7 30 km resolved top-down NOx emissions over East Asia. In particular, the algorithm developed in this study considered two main atmospheric factors\u2014(i) NOx transport from\/to adjacent cells and (ii) calculations of the lifetimes of column NOx (\u03c4). In the sensitivity test, the analysis showed the improvements in the top-down NOx estimation via filtering the data (\u03c4 \u2264 2 h). The best top-down NOx emissions were inferred after the sixth iterations. Those emissions were 11.76 Tg N yr\u22121 over China, 0.13 Tg N yr\u22121 over North Korea, 0.46 Tg N yr\u22121 over South Korea, and 0.68 Tg N yr\u22121 over Japan. These values are 34%, 62%, 60%, and 47% larger than the current bottom-up NOx emissions over these countries, respectively. A comparison between the CMAQ-estimated and OMI-retrieved NO2 columns was made to confirm the accuracy of the newly estimated NOx emission. The comparison confirmed that the estimated top-down NOx emissions showed better agreements with observations (R2 = 0.88 for January and 0.81 for July).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12122004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T09:05:33Z","timestamp":1592903133000},"page":"2004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Estimation of Top-Down NOx Emissions from OMI Sensor Over East Asia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-1877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea"},{"name":"Center for Earth and Environmental Modeling Studies (CEMOS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chul","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea"},{"name":"Center for Earth and Environmental Modeling Studies (CEMOS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-4935-2012","article-title":"A parameterization of low visibilities for hazy days in the North China Plain","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. 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