{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T02:57:49Z","timestamp":1784602669183,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study is focused on wide-area deformation monitoring initiatives based on the differential interferometric SAR technique (DInSAR). In particular, it addresses the use of advanced DInSAR (A-DInSAR) techniques, which are based on large sets of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Copernicus Sentinel-1 images. Such techniques have undergone a dramatic development in the last twenty years: they are now capable to process big sets of SAR images and can be exploited to realize a wide-area A-DInSAR monitoring. The study describes several initiatives to establish wide-area ground motion services (GMS), both at county- and region-level. In the second part of the study, some of the key technical aspects related to wide-area A-DInSAR monitoring are discussed. Finally, the last part of the study is devoted to the European ground motion service (EGMS), which is part of the Copernicus land monitoring service. It represents the most important wide-area A-DInSAR deformation monitoring system ever developed. The study describes its main characteristics and its main products. The end of the production of the first EGMS baseline product is foreseen for the last quarter of 2021.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12122043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T10:36:54Z","timestamp":1593081414000},"page":"2043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["The Evolution of Wide-Area DInSAR: From Regional and National Services to the European Ground Motion Service"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Crosetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC\/CERCA), Geomatics Division, Av. Gauss, 7, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3637-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Solari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC\/CERCA), Geomatics Division, Av. Gauss, 7, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"},{"name":"European Environment Agency, Kongens Nytorv 6, 1050 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0929-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Mr\u00f3z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Civil Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Balasis-Levinsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Data Supply and Efficiency, Rentemestervej 8, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8684-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Casagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Frei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneleen","family":"Oyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rijkswaterstaat, Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat, Postbus 2232, 3500 GE Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dag Anders","family":"Moldestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norsk Romsenter, Drammensveien 165, 0277 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Bateson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Guerrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale-ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48-00144 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-9488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Comerci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale-ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48-00144 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik Steen","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Environment Agency, Kongens Nytorv 6, 1050 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.011","article-title":"Persistent Scatterer Interferometry: A review","volume":"115","author":"Crosetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepe, A., and Cal\u00f2, F. (2017). A review of interferometric synthetic aperture RADAR (InSAR) multi-track approaches for the retrieval of Earth\u2019s surface displacements. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7121264"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.028","article-title":"GMES Sentinel-1 mission","volume":"120","author":"Torres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/2014EO260003","article-title":"Sentinel Satellites initiate new Era in Earth Observation","volume":"26","author":"Showstack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eos"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1109\/36.868878","article-title":"Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry","volume":"38","author":"Ferretti","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2440267","article-title":"Cloud computing for earth surface deformation analysis via spaceborne radar imaging: A case study","volume":"4","author":"Zinno","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE T. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.05.022","article-title":"Large areas surface deformation analysis through a cloud computing P-SBAS approach for massive processing of DInSAR time series","volume":"202","author":"Zinno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam, N., Rodriguez-Gonzalez, F., Parizzi, A., and Liebhart, W. (2011, January 24\u201329). Wide area persistent scatterer interferometry. Proceedings of the 2011 Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2011), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049347"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6259","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2904912","article-title":"The Parallel SBAS Approach for Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide Swath Deformation Time-Series Generation: Algorithm Description and Products Quality Assessment","volume":"57","author":"Manunta","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanari, R., Bonano, M., Buonanno, S., Casu, F., De Luca, C., Fusco, A., Manunta, M., Manzo, M., Onorato, G., and Zeni, G. (2020, January 3\u20138). Continental scale SBAS-DInSAR processing for the generation of Sentinel-1 deformation time series within a cloud computing environment: Achieved results and lessons learned. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly 2020, Wien, Austria.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-17944"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2020, April 27). EGMS White Paper. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/user-corner\/technical-library\/egms-white-paper."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantini, M., Falco, S., Malvarosa, F., and Minati, F. (2008, January 8\u201311). A new method for identification and analysis of persistent scatterers in series of SAR images. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2008\u20132008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4779025"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2124465","article-title":"A new algorithm for processing interferometric data-stacks: SqueeSAR","volume":"49","author":"Ferretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.07.017","article-title":"Analysis of surface deformations over the whole Italian territory by interferometric processing of ERS, Envisat and COSMO-SkyMed radar data","volume":"202","author":"Costantini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2020, February 28). WebGIS of the PST-A Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.pcn.minambiente.it\/viewer\/."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2020, February 28). Guidelines for the Correct Interpretation of the Interferometric Products of the PST-A Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.pcn.minambiente.it\/mattm\/progetto-pst-prodotti-interferometrici\/."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"143","article-title":"A nation-wide system for landslide mapping and risk management in Italy: The second Not-ordinary Plan of Environmental Remote Sensing","volume":"63","author":"Paci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2020, May 15). Italian Space Economy Strategic Plan, (In Italian)."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1321","article-title":"Landslide monitoring in western Norway using high resolution TerraSAR-X and Radarsat-2 InSAR","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landslides and Engineered Slopes: Protecting Society through Improved Understanding"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehls, J.F., Larsen, Y., Marinkovic, P., Lauknes, T.R., St\u00f8dle, D., and Moldestad, D.A. (2019). INSAR.No: A National Insar Deformation Mapping\/Monitoring Service In Norway--From Concept To Operations. IGARSS 2019\u20132019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 28 July\u20132 August 2019, Yokohama, Japan, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8898614"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2020, March 03). InSAR Norway WebGIS. Available online: https:\/\/insar.ngu.no\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2020, March 23). Frequently Asked Questions Regarding InSAR Norway. Available online: https:\/\/www.ngu.no\/en\/topic\/frequently-asked-questions."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2020, March 23). InSAR Norway Data Guidelines. Available online: https:\/\/www.ngu.no\/en\/topic\/about-mapping-service."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.05.015","article-title":"A Copernicus downstream-service for the nationwide monitoring of surface displacements in Germany","volume":"202","author":"Kalia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goel, K., Adam, N., Shau, R., and Rodriguez-Gonzalez, F. (2016, January 10\u201315). Improving the reference network in wide-area persistent scatterer interferometry for non-urban areas. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7729370"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5334","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2957919","article-title":"Methodology of a Troposphere Effect Mitigation Processor for SAR Interferometry","volume":"12","author":"Adam","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2538822","article-title":"A method to estimate long-wave height errors of SRTM S-band DEM","volume":"13","author":"Wendleder","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Jahn, C.H., Riecken, J., Trautvetter, C., Freitag, M., Kurtenbach, E., Fabian, G., and Dick, H.G. (2020, May 13). Quo vadis SAPOS?\u2013Zuk\u00fcnftige Entwicklungen des Positionierungsdienstes der Landesvermessung. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2020, March 03). German Ground Motion Service WebGIS. Available online: https:\/\/bodenbewegungsdienst.bgr.de\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2020, March 23). German Ground Motion Service (BodenBewegungsdienst Deutschland), Guidelines and InSAR Theory. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2020, March 23). German Ground Motion Service, Terms of Use. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff, C.A., Ferretti, A., Novali, F., Uttini, A., Giannico, C., and Meloni, F. (2020, January 20\u201324). Nationwide deformation monitoring with SqueeSAR\u00ae using Sentinel-1 data. Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Land Subsidence, Delft-Gouda, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.5194\/piahs-382-31-2020"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Weber, M. (2019). SDFEs Permanente GNSS-Stationer: Beregning af nye ETRS89-Koordinater, Agency for Data Supply and Efficiency. (In Danish)."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Knudsen, P. (2016). Dokumentation for Beregning af ny Uplift-Model 2016, DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark. (In Danish)."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ACL-3","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000094","article-title":"Integrated atmospheric water vapor estimates from a regional GPS network","volume":"107","author":"Baltink","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Lesparre, J. (2006, January 14\u201317). The impact of the antenna mounting on the phase centre variation. Proceedings of the EUREF Symposium, Riga, Latvia."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"6","article-title":"A Detailed Elevation Model Using Airborne Laser Altimetry","volume":"9","author":"Wouters","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geod. Info. Mag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-017-1041-y","article-title":"InSAR datum connection using GNSS-augmented radar transponders","volume":"92","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25369-w","article-title":"Continuous, semi-automatic monitoring of ground deformation using Sentinel-1 satellites","volume":"8","author":"Raspini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2020, March 20). Tuscany Region WebGIS. Available online: https:\/\/geoportale.lamma.rete.toscana.it\/difesa_suolo\/#\/viewer\/openlayers\/326."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2020, March 20). Interferometric Data Guidelines (In Italian). Available online: https:\/\/www.regione.toscana.it\/documents\/10180\/14985922\/Linee+guida+per+l%E2%80%99utilizzo+dei+dati+interferometrici+del+geoportale.pdf\/d5b091a7-a5b1-41e9-97c3-270a52b0c7ce."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2020, March 20). Interferometric Data Disclaimer (In Italian). Available online: https:\/\/www.regione.toscana.it\/documents\/10180\/14985922\/Termini+di+utilizzo+dei+dati+del+geoportale.pdf\/76d8b222-f2fc-489e-91f7-fb25fb6e86f4."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Soldato, M., Solari, L., Raspini, F., Bianchini, S., Ciampalini, A., Montalti, R., Ferretti, A., Pellegrineschi, V., and Casagli, N. (2019). Monitoring Ground Instabilities Using SAR Satellite Data: A Practical Approach. ISPRS Int. J. Geoinf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8070307"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-019-01249-w","article-title":"Persistent Scatterers continuous streaming for landslide monitoring and mapping: The case of the Tuscany region (Italy)","volume":"16","author":"Raspini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.024","article-title":"Visualizing and interpreting surface displacement patterns on unstable slopes using multi-geometry satellite SAR interferometry (2D InSAR)","volume":"191","author":"Eriksen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rem. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.828196","article-title":"A small-baseline approach for investigating deformations on full-resolution differential SAR interferograms","volume":"42","author":"Lanari","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Hooper, A. (2006). Persistent Scatterer Radar Interferometry for Crustal Deformation Studies and Modeling of Volcanic Deformation. [Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A. (2008). A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034654"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2020, April 12). Corine Land Cover 2018 Data Access Platform. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/pan-european\/corine-land-cover\/clc2018."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Larsen, Y., Marinkovic, P., Dehls, J.F., Bredal, M., Bishop, C., J\u00f8kulsson, G., Gj\u00f8vik, L.P., Frauenfelder, R., Salazar, S., and V\u00f6ge, M. (2020, May 11). European Ground Motion Service: Service Implementation. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/user-corner\/technical-library\/egms-specification-and-implementation-plan."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"101925","article-title":"Evaluation of subsidence induced by long-lasting buildings load using InSAR technique and geotechnical data: The case study of a Freight Terminal (Tuscany, Italy)","volume":"82","author":"Ciampalini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.10.006","article-title":"On the value of corner reflectors and surface models in InSAR precise point positioning","volume":"158","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Massive linking of PS-InSAR deformations to a national airborne laser point cloud","volume":"42","author":"Lindenbergh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6662","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6076662","article-title":"An Approach to Persistent Scatterer Interferometry","volume":"6","author":"Crosetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:7(608)","article-title":"Case study: Inflow of groundwater into open-cast mine Hambach, Germany","volume":"130","author":"Spiller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.889864","article-title":"A methodology for improving landslide PSI data analysis","volume":"35","author":"Notti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"265","article-title":"Systematic geological mapping for landslide understanding in the Norwegian context","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landslide and Engineered Slopes: Protecting Society through Improved Understanding"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2020, April 16). National Database of Superficial Deposits. Available online: http:\/\/geo.ngu.no\/kart\/losmasse_mobil\/?lang=eng."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"477","article-title":"Tight integration of GPS observations and persistent scatterer InSAR for detecting vertical ground motion in Hong Kong","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.007","article-title":"Surface deformation from persistent scatterers SAR interferometry and fusion with leveling data: A case study over the Choushui River Alluvial Fan, Taiwan","volume":"115","author":"Hung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Caro Cuenca, M., Hanssen, R.F., Hooper, A., and Arikan, M. (2011, January 19\u201323). Surface Deformation of the Whole Netherlands After PSI Analysis. Proceedings of the Fringe 2011 Workshop, Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Hanssen, R.F., Caro Cuenca, M., Klees, R., and Van der Marel, H. (2012, January 3\u20137). Decadal vertical deformation of the Netherlands via the geodetic integration of gravimetry, GNSS, leveling and SAR interferometry. Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2012 Abstracts, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2020, May 08). Copernicus Land Monitoring Service Website. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/user-corner\/technical-library\/european-ground-motion-service."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2020, May 08). European Environment Agency Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/about-us."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20338-1_4","article-title":"Enhancement of the EUREF Permanent Network Services and Products","volume":"Volume 136","author":"Bruyninx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geodesy for Planet Earth"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/12\/2043\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:42:43Z","timestamp":1760175763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/12\/2043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12122043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12122043","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]}}}