{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T22:11:39Z","timestamp":1783030299394,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agricultural land abandonment is an important environmental issue in Europe. The proper management of agricultural areas has important implications for ecosystem services (food production, biodiversity, climate regulation and the landscape). In the coming years, an increase of abandoned areas is expected due to socio-economic changes. The identification and quantification of abandoned agricultural plots is key for monitoring this process and for applying management measures. The Valencian Region (Spain) is an important fruit and vegetable producing area in Europe, and it has the most important citrus industry. However, this agricultural sector is highly threatened by diverse factors, which have accelerated land abandonment. Landsat and MODIS satellite images have been used to map land abandonment. However, these images do not give good results in areas with high spatial fragmentation and small-sized agricultural plots. Sentinel-2 and airborne imagery shows unexplored potential to overcome this thanks to higher spatial resolutions. In this work, three models were compared for mapping abandoned plots using Sentinel-2 with 10 m bands, Sentinel-2 with 10 m and 20 m bands, and airborne imagery with 1 m visible and near-infrared bands. A pixel-based classification approach was used, applying the Random Forests algorithm. The algorithm was trained with 144 plots and 100 decision trees. The results were validated using the hold-out method with 96 independent plots. The most accurate map was obtained using airborne images, the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Thiam\u2019s Transformed Vegetation Index (TTVI), with an overall accuracy of 88.5%. The map generated from Sentinel-2 images (10 m bands and the EVI and TTVI spectral indices) had an overall accuracy of 77.1%. Adding 20 m Sentinel-2 bands and the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) did not improve the classification accuracy. According to the most accurate map, 4310 abandoned plots were detected in our study area, representing 32.5% of its agricultural surface. The proposed methodology proved to be useful for mapping citrus in highly fragmented areas, and it can be adapted to other crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12122062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T11:17:17Z","timestamp":1593429437000},"page":"2062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Comparison of Sentinel-2 and High-Resolution Imagery for Mapping Land Abandonment in Fragmented Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Morell-Monz\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/ Paraninfo, 1, 46730 Grau de Gandia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0854-5358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Estornell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Environmental Cartography and Remote Sensing Group, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Espana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8042-5628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Teresa","family":"Sebasti\u00e1-Frasquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/ Paraninfo, 1, 46730 Grau de Gandia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.1999.0335","article-title":"Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas or Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response","volume":"59","author":"MacDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.02.006","article-title":"An exploratory analysis of land abandonment drivers in areas prone to desertification","volume":"128","author":"Kosmas","year":"2015","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"57","article-title":"Estudio da evoluci\u00f3n da superficie agr\u00edcola na comarca da Terra Ch\u00e1 a partir de fotograf\u00eda a\u00e9rea hist\u00f3rica e mapas de usos, 1956-2004","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Recur. Rurais"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"13","article-title":"Ecological consequences of grazing extensification and land abandonment: Role of interactions between environment, society and techniques","volume":"Volume 15","author":"Baudry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Land Abandonment and Its Role in Conservation"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"13","article-title":"Land abandonment: Changes in the land use patterns around the Mediterranean basin. Etat de l\u2019Agriculture en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. Les sols dans la r\u00e9gion m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne: Utilisation, gestion et perspectives d\u2019\u00e9volution","volume":"1","year":"1991","journal-title":"Options M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes S\u00e9rie A S\u00e9minaires M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2006.05.001","article-title":"Agricultural land abandonment and natural forest re-growth in the Swiss mountains: A spatially explicit economic analysis","volume":"118","author":"Gellrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Perpi\u00f1a-Castillo, C., Kavalov, B., and Diogo, V. (2018). Agricultural Land Abandonment in the EU within 2015\u20132030, European Commission. (Technical Report JRC113718)."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"57","article-title":"Abandonment of agricultural land: An overview of drivers and consequences","volume":"2","year":"2007","journal-title":"CAB Rev. Perspect. Agric. Vet. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Romero-D\u00edaz, A., and Mart\u00ednez-Hern\u00e1ndez, C. (2014). Usos del suelo y abandono de tierras de cultivo en el altiplano Jumilla-Yecla (Regi\u00f3n de Murcia). Geoecolog\u00eda, Cambio Ambiental y Paisaje: Homenaje al Profesor Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Garc\u00eda-Ruiz, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"89","article-title":"Abandonment phenomenon in Europe","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Sapientiae Agric. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) (2020, May 11). Citricultura Valenciana: Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Plagas y Enfermedades en C\u00edtricos. Available online: http:\/\/gipcitricos.ivia.es\/citricultura-valenciana."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentaci\u00f3n y Medio Ambiente (2017). ESYRCE: Encuesta Sobre Superficies y Rendimientos, Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentaci\u00f3n y Medio Ambiente. (N.I.P.O.: 013-17-120-0.)."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2020). Conselleria de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Emergencia Clim\u00e1tica y Transici\u00f3n Ecol\u00f3gica, Informe del Sector Agrario Valenciano 2019."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"81","article-title":"Viabilidad y competitividad del sistema citr\u00edcola valenciano","volume":"52","author":"Noguera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn Asoc. Ge\u00f3grafos Espa\u00f1oles"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Vera, A. (1977). La econom\u00eda valenciana: Modelos de interpretaci\u00f3n. Contribuci\u00f3n Invisible de las Mujeres en la Econom\u00eda: El Caso Espec\u00edfico del Mundo Rural, Instituto De La Mujer. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Piqueras, J. (1999). El Espacio Valenciano. Una S\u00edntesis Geogr\u00e1fica, Gules. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Romero, J.S.J., and Vera, F. (2001). El modelo de desarrollo de la Comunidad Valenciana. La Comunidad Valenciana en la Europa de las Regiones, Ariel Geograf\u00eda. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2005.11.027","article-title":"A coherent set of future land use change scenarios for Europe","volume":"114","author":"Rounsevell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2005.11.024","article-title":"Downscaling of land use change scenarios to assess the dynamics of European landscapes","volume":"114","author":"Verbug","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.02.010","article-title":"Reconstructing long time series of burned areas in arid grasslands of southern Russia by satellite remote sensing","volume":"114","author":"Dubinin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ladonina, N.N., Gorelova, Y.V., and Chernyakhovsky, D.A. (2003). Biodiversity of Agricultural Lands in Russia: Current State and Trends. UICN\u2013The World Conservation Union, IUCN Representative Office for Russia and CIS."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0341-8162(92)90004-U","article-title":"Geomorphological evolution of abandoned fields. A case study in the Central Pyrenees","volume":"19","author":"Ortigosa","year":"1992","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-263X.2012.00227.x","article-title":"Conservation policy in traditional farming landscapes","volume":"5","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conserv. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-004-0019-8","article-title":"The use of irrigation water in Bulgaria\u2019s Plovdiv Region during transition","volume":"34","author":"Penov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.123","article-title":"Agricultural land abandonment in Mediterranean environment provides ecosystem services via soil carbon sequestration","volume":"576","author":"Novara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e0, A., Ackermann, O., Terol, E., and Rodrigo-Comino, J. (2019). Impact of Farmland Abandonment on Water Resources and Soil Conservation in Citrus Plantations in Eastern Spain. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11040824"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e0, A., and Brevik, C.E. (2014). The impact of abandonment of traditional flood irrigated citrus orchards on soil infiltration and organic matter. Geoecolog\u00eda, Cambio Ambiental y Paisaje: Homenaje al profesor Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Garc\u00eda-Ruiz, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-012-9552-0","article-title":"Restoration of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Agricultural Land","volume":"15","author":"Bullock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"3","article-title":"Rewilding Abandoned Landscapes in Europe","volume":"Volume 26","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rewilding European Landscapes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2006.10.003","article-title":"Land cover classification and economic assessment of citrus groves using remote sensing","volume":"61","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6w, F., Prishchepov, F., Waldner, F., Dubovyk, O., Akramkhanov, A., Biradar, C., and Lamers, J. (2018). Mapping Cropland Abandonment in the Aral Sea Basin with MODIS Time Series. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020159"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.05.019","article-title":"Mapping abandoned agriculture with multi-temporal MODIS satellite data","volume":"124","author":"Kuemmerle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.028","article-title":"Mapping farmland abandonment and recultivation across Europe using MODIS NDVI time series","volume":"163","author":"Estel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.05.005","article-title":"Mapping the timing of cropland abandonment and recultivation in northern Kazakhstan using annual Landsat time series","volume":"213","author":"Dara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2012.12.010","article-title":"Comparing the determinants of cropland abandonment in Albania and Romania using boosted regression trees","volume":"117","author":"Sikor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.050","article-title":"Mapping agricultural land abandonment from spatial and temporal segmentation of Landsat time series","volume":"210","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-008-9146-z","article-title":"Cross-border Comparison of Post-socialist Farmland Abandonment in the Carpathians","volume":"11","author":"Kuemmerle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.06.022","article-title":"Using multi-seasonal Landsat imagery for rapid identification of abandoned land in areas affected by urban sprawl","volume":"96","author":"Kienast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.017","article-title":"The effect of Landsat ETM\/ETM image acquisition dates on the detection of agricultural land abandonment in Eastern Europe","volume":"126","author":"Prishchepov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2010.11.003","article-title":"Patterns and drivers of post-socialist farmland abandonment in Western Ukraine","volume":"28","author":"Baumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2017.1412272","article-title":"Using of Sentinel-2 images for automation of the forest succession detection","volume":"51","author":"Szostak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanjir, U., \u00d0uri\u0107, N., and Veljanovski, T. (2018). Sentinel-2 Based Temporal Detection of Agricultural Land Use Anomalies in Support of Common Agricultural Policy Monitoring. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7100405"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.05.056","article-title":"Monitoring mangrove forests after aquaculture abandonment using time series of very high spatial resolution satellite images: A case study from the Perancak estuary, Bali, Indonesia","volume":"131","author":"Proisy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010018","article-title":"Comparison of Random Forest, k-Nearest Neighbor, and Support Vector Machine Classifiers for Land Cover Classification Using Sentinel-2 Imagery","volume":"18","author":"Noi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1433343","article-title":"Implementation of machine-learning classification in remote sensing: An applied review","volume":"39","author":"Maxwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Vi\u00f1als, M.J. (1995). Secuencias Estratigr\u00e1ficas y Evoluci\u00f3n Morfol\u00f3gica del Extremo Meridional del Golfo de Valencia (Cullera-D\u00e9nia). El Cuaternario del Pa\u00eds Valenciano, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia-AEQUA. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Vi\u00f1als, M.J. (1996). El Marjal de Oliva-Pego: Geomorfolog\u00eda y Evoluci\u00f3n de un Humedal Costero Mediterr\u00e1neo."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"R Core Team (2019). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Core Team."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Hijmans, R.J. (2020, June 20). Available online: https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/raster\/."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Bivard, R., Keitt, T., and Rowlingson, B. (2020, June 20). Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/rgdal\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sentinel-2 MSI\u2014Level 2A products algorithm theoretical basis document","volume":"49","author":"Richter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Space Agency"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90018-3","article-title":"Development of vegetation and soil indices for MODIS-EOS","volume":"49","author":"Huete","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Thiam, A.K. (1998). Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Methods for Assessing and Monitoring Land Degradation in the Sahel Region: The Case of Southern Mauritania. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. [Ph.D. Thesis, Clark University]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00318-2","article-title":"Detection of forest harvest type using multiple dates of Landsat TM imagery","volume":"80","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10106040608542399","article-title":"Vegetation Indices: Advances Made in Biomass Estimation and Vegetation Monitoring in the Last 30 Years","volume":"21","author":"Silleos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"MODIS vegetation index (MOD13)","volume":"3","author":"Huete","year":"1999","journal-title":"Algorithm Theor. Basis Doc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","article-title":"A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)","volume":"25","author":"Huete","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00072-7","article-title":"Use of a green channel in remote sensing of global vegetation from EOS-MODIS","volume":"58","author":"Gitelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Breiman, L. (1999). Random Forests\u2014Random Features, Statistics Department, University of California. Technical Report 567."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J.H., Olshen, R.A., and Stone, C.J. (1984). Classification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.08.011","article-title":"Random Forests for land cover classification","volume":"27","author":"Gislason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058655","article-title":"Bagging predictors","volume":"24","author":"Breiman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331269698","article-title":"Random forest classifier for remote sensing classification","volume":"26","author":"Pal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and regression by randomForest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Kuhn, M. (2019). Caret: Classification and Regression Training, Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/caret\/caret.pdf."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Congalton, R.G., and Green, K. (2019). Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data, CRC Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429052729"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Radoux, J., Bogaert, P., and Defourny, P. (2010, January 20\u201323). Overall accuracy estimation for geographic object-based image classification. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Leicester, UK."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Hernando, A., Tiede, D., Albrecht, F.T., and Lang, S. (2012, January 7\u20139). Novel parameters for evaluating the spatial and thematic accuracy of land cover maps, International Conference on Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis. Proceedings of the International Conference on Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis, 4.(GEOBIA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.015","article-title":"Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change","volume":"148","author":"Olofson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"117","article-title":"Area-based and location-based validation of classified image objects","volume":"5","author":"Whiteside","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"303","article-title":"Causas y consecuencias del crecimiento urban\u00edstico del litoral valenciano a trav\u00e9s de la evoluci\u00f3n de los usos del suelo. El caso de Oliva","volume":"44","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cuad. Tur."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., and Mueller, R. (2007). Heterogeneously sensed imagery radiometric response normalization for citrus grove change detection. Optics for Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Foods, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.735345"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13068","article-title":"Global change pressures on soils from land use and land management","volume":"22","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/12\/2062\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:43:13Z","timestamp":1760175793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/12\/2062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12122062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12122062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]}}}