{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T02:53:39Z","timestamp":1781751219390,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]],"date-time":"2020-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We classify low-backscatter regions observed in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) measurements of the surface of the ocean as either oil slicks or look-alike slicks (radar false targets). Our proposed classification algorithm is based on Linear Discriminant Analyses (LDAs) of RADARSAT-1 measurements (402 scenes off the southeast coast of Brazil from July 2001 to June 2003) and Meteorological-Oceanographic (MetOc) data from other earth observation sensors: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT). Oil slicks are sea-surface expressions of exploration and production oil, ship- and orphan-spills. False targets are associated with environmental phenomena, such as biogenic films, algal blooms, upwelling, low wind, or rain cells. Both categories have been interpreted by domain-experts: mineral oil (n = 350; 45.5%) and petroleum free (n = 419; 54.5%). We explore nine size variables (area, perimeter, etc.) and three types of MetOc information (sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, and wind speed) that describe the 769 samples analyzed. Seven attribute\u2013domain combinations are tested with three non-linear transformations (none, cube root, log10), with and without MetOc, adding to 39 attribute subdivisions. Classification accuracies are independent of data transformation and improve when selected size attributes are combined with MetOc, leading to overall accuracies of ~80% and sound levels of sensitivity (~90%), specificity (~80%), positive (~80%) and negative (~90%) predictive values. The effectiveness of this data-driven attempt supports further commercial or academic implementation of our LDA algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12132078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T11:17:17Z","timestamp":1593429437000},"page":"2078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Classification of Oil Slicks and Look-Alike Slicks: A Linear Discriminant Analysis of Microwave, Infrared, and Optical Satellite Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5282-9812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo de Ara\u00fajo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Sensoriamento Remoto por Radar Aplicado \u00e0 Ind\u00fastria do Petr\u00f3leo (LabSAR), Laborat\u00f3rio de M\u00e9todos Computacionais em Engenharia (LAMCE), Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Programa de Engenharia Civil (PEC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Minnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Sciences (OCE), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami (UM), Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson F. F.","family":"Ebecken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Programa de Engenharia Civil (PEC), N\u00facleo de Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia (NTT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz","family":"Landau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Sensoriamento Remoto por Radar Aplicado \u00e0 Ind\u00fastria do Petr\u00f3leo (LabSAR), Laborat\u00f3rio de M\u00e9todos Computacionais em Engenharia (LAMCE), Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Programa de Engenharia Civil (PEC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e00034617","article-title":"Revisiting the P-36 oil rig accident 15 years later: From management of incidental and accidental situations to organizational factors","volume":"34","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cadernos de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, June 05). 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