{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:05:05Z","timestamp":1773302705084,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurately mapping forest effective leaf area index (LAIe) at the landscape level is a crucial step to better simulate various ecological and physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and precipitation interception. The LAIe products obtained from two-dimensional (2-D) remotely sensed optical imageries are usually biased due to their inability to identify the vertical forest structure and eliminate the effects of forest background (i.e., shrubs, grass, snow, and bare earth). In this study, we first stratified the forest overstory and background layers and generated a forest background mask layer based on the structural information implicitly contained within the aerial laser scanning (ALS) data. We improved the retrieval accuracy of LAIe by combining light detection and ranging (Lidar)-based three dimensional (3-D) structural and 2-D spectral information. Then, we obtained the improved final LAIe estimation result by masking the forest background pixels from the optical remotely sensed imageries. Our results showed that: (1) Removing forest background information could effectively (R2 increase from 20% to 30%) improve the estimation accuracy of optical-based forest LAIe depending on forest structure characteristics. (2) The forest background in the forest stands with low canopy cover showed more apparent effects on LAIe estimation compared with the forest stands with a high canopy cover. (3) The combination of ALS and optical remotely sensed data could produce the best LAIe retrieval result effectively by removing the forest background information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12132126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T06:51:20Z","timestamp":1593759080000},"page":"2126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Stratifying Forest Overstory for Improving Effective LAI Estimation Based on Aerial Imagery and Discrete Laser Scanning Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhaoshang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1563-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. Monika","family":"Moskal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis Laboratory, Precision Forestry Cooperative, School of Environment and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1992.tb00992.x","article-title":"Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RG000608","article-title":"An Overview of Global Leaf Area Index (LAI): Methods, Products, Validation, and Applications","volume":"57","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-822X.2003.00026.x","article-title":"Global synthesis of leaf area index observations: Implications for ecological and remote sensing studies","volume":"12","author":"Asner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1006\/anbo.2001.1536","article-title":"Direct and Indirect Relationships between Specific Leaf Area, Leaf Nitrogen and Leaf Gas Exchange: Effects of Irradiance and Nutrient Supply","volume":"88","author":"Meziane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(02)00104-1","article-title":"Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation","volume":"113","author":"Law","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2007.00330.x","article-title":"Leaf area index is the principal scaling parameter for both gross photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration of Northern deciduous and coniferous forests","volume":"60","author":"Lindroth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90146-5","article-title":"Use of spectral analogy to evaluate canopy reflectance sensitivity to leaf optical properties","volume":"48","author":"Baret","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.016","article-title":"Mapping leaf area index using spatial, spectral, and temporal information from multiple sensors","volume":"119","author":"Gray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(92)90040-B","article-title":"Foliage area and architecture of plant canopies from sunfleck size distributions","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29429","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01107","article-title":"Leaf area index of boreal forests: Theory, techniques, and measurements","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2004.09.006","article-title":"Methodology comparison for canopy structure parameters extraction from digital hemispherical photography in boreal forests","volume":"129","author":"Leblanc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.04.022","article-title":"Mapping shrub abundance in desert grasslands using geometric-optical modeling and multi-angle remote sensing with CHRIS\/Proba","volume":"104","author":"Chopping","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.07.003","article-title":"Mapping forest background reflectivity over North America with Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) data","volume":"113","author":"Pisek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JG000635","article-title":"Validation and intercomparison of global Leaf Area Index products derived from remote sensing data","volume":"113","author":"Garrigues","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.04.005","article-title":"Impact of understory vegetation on forest canopy reflectance and remotely sensed LAI estimates","volume":"103","author":"Eriksson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.02.007","article-title":"Evaluation of the MODIS LAI algorithm at a coniferous forest site in Finland","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1872","article-title":"Evaluation of national and global LAI products derived from optical remote sensing instruments over Canada","volume":"44","author":"Abuelgasim","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.032","article-title":"Generating global Leaf Area Index from Landsat: Algorithm formulation and demonstration","volume":"122","author":"Ganguly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308904290","article-title":"Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: Sensitivity to remotely-sensed Leaf Area Index estimates","volume":"14","author":"Nemani","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","article-title":"A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)","volume":"25","author":"Huete","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00035-8","article-title":"A Shortwave Infrared Modification to the Simple Ratio for LAI Retrieval in Boreal Forests: An Image and Model Analysis","volume":"71","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169008955002","article-title":"Remote sensing of temperate coniferous forest leaf area index The influence of canopy closure, understory vegetation and background reflectance","volume":"11","author":"Spanner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90009-U","article-title":"Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for LAI and APAR assessment","volume":"35","author":"Baret","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.09.004","article-title":"Retrieval of leaf area index for a coniferous forest by inverting a forest reflectance model","volume":"99","author":"Rautiainen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1117\/12.262905","article-title":"Effect of the understory on the estimation of coniferous forest leaf area index (LAI) based on remotely sensed data","volume":"2955","author":"Caetano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Spie"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.012","article-title":"Retrieval of seasonal dynamics of forest understory reflectance in a Northern European boreal forest from MODIS BRDF data","volume":"117","author":"Pisek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JG002493","article-title":"Mapping global seasonal forest background reflectivity with Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer data","volume":"119","author":"Jiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Separating overstory and understory leaf area indices for global needleleaf and deciduous broadleaf forests by fusion of MODIS and MISR data","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177732245","article-title":"On a New Class of \u201cContagious\u201d Distributions, Applicable in Entomology and Bacteriology","volume":"10","author":"Neyman","year":"1939","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1316","article-title":"A four-scale bidirectional reflectance model based on canopy architecture","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.12.048","article-title":"Estimating leaf area index in intensively managed pine plantations using airborne laser scanner data","volume":"270","author":"Peduzzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00224-3","article-title":"Estimation of tree heights and stand volume using an airborne lidar system","volume":"56","author":"Nilsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.01.010","article-title":"Geographic variability in lidar predictions of forest stand structure in the Pacific Northwest","volume":"95","author":"Lefsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.11.033","article-title":"Review of indirect optical measurements of leaf area index: Recent advances, challenges, and perspectives","volume":"265","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.5589\/m03-025","article-title":"Lidar remote sensing of biophysical properties of tolerant northern hardwood forests","volume":"29","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2004.02.005","article-title":"Estimation of leaf area index and covered ground from airborne laser scanner (Lidar) in two contrasting forests","volume":"124","author":"Valladares","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.03.025","article-title":"Estimating individual tree leaf area in loblolly pine plantations using LiDAR-derived measurements of height and crown dimensions","volume":"213","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.02.007","article-title":"Modeling approaches to estimate effective leaf area index from aerial discrete-return LIDAR","volume":"149","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.03.006","article-title":"Lidar-based mapping of leaf area index and its use for validating GLOBCARBON satellite LAI product in a temperate forest of the southern USA","volume":"113","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.025","article-title":"Mapping urban forest leaf area index with airborne lidar using penetration metrics and allometry","volume":"162","author":"Alonzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1041177","article-title":"Use of airborne lidar for estimating canopy gap fraction and leaf area index of tropical montane forests","volume":"36","author":"Heiskanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.09.024","article-title":"Estimation of wetland vegetation height and leaf area index using airborne laser scanning data","volume":"48","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.09.001","article-title":"Status and future of laser scanning, synthetic aperture radar and hyperspectral remote sensing data for forest biomass assessment","volume":"65","author":"Koch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.08.029","article-title":"Estimation of tropical rain forest aboveground biomass with small-footprint lidar and hyperspectral sensors","volume":"115","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.009","article-title":"Fusion of airborne LiDAR and satellite multispectral data for the estimation of timber volume in the Southern Alps","volume":"115","author":"Tonolli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"360","article-title":"Estimation of forest structural and compositional variables using ALS data and multi-seasonal satellite imagery","volume":"78","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Frazer, R.B.G.W., Canham, C.D., and Lertzman, K.P. (2019, February 23). Gap Light Analyzer, Version 2.0. Available online: http:\/\/www.rem.sfu.ca\/forestry\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"777","article-title":"Retrieval of Effective Leaf Area Index in Heterogeneous Forests with Terrestrial Laser Scanning","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"432","article-title":"Combining point cloud slicing and terrestrial laser scanning data to retrieve an effective leaf area index","volume":"22","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Qi, J., Wan, P., Wang, H., Xie, D., Wang, X., and Yan, G. (2016). An Easy-to-Use Airborne LiDAR Data Filtering Method Based on Cloth Simulation. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060501"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2019, July 20). CloudCompare. Available online: http:\/\/www.cloudcompare.org\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"McGaughey, R.J. (2019, August 09). FUSION: LIDAR & IFSAR Tools. Available online: http:\/\/forsys.cfr.washington.edu\/JFSP06\/lidar_&_ifsar_tools.htm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.78.1.75","article-title":"A New Method for Segmenting Individual Trees from the Lidar Point Cloud","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2611651","article-title":"Retrieving Directional Gap Fraction, Extinction Coefficient, and Effective Leaf Area Index by Incorporating Scan Angle Information From Discrete Aerial Lidar Data","volume":"55","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geisser, S. (1974). A Predictive Approach to the Random Effect Model. Biometrika, 61.","DOI":"10.2307\/2334290"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zheng, G., Yun, Z., and Moskal, L. (2020). Characterizing Tree Spatial Distribution Patterns Using Discrete Aerial Lidar Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040712"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"7619","article-title":"Evaluating Tree Detection and Segmentation Routines on Very High Resolution UAV LiDAR Data","volume":"52","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"532","article-title":"A robust approach for tree segmentation in deciduous forests using small-footprint airborne LiDAR data","volume":"52","author":"Hamraz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Hierarchical Approach to Three-Dimensional Segmentation of LiDAR Data at Single-Tree Level in a Multilayered Forest","volume":"54","author":"Paris","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.06.023","article-title":"Understory abundance, species diversity and functional attribute response to thinning in coniferous stands","volume":"260","author":"Ares","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"231","article-title":"Relative role of understory and overstory in carbon and nitrogen cycling in a southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest","volume":"115","author":"Nicholas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.10.044","article-title":"Effects of undergrowth clearing on the bird communities of the Northwestern Mediterranean Coppice Holm oak forests","volume":"221","author":"Camprodon","year":"2006","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00098-1","article-title":"Modeling airborne laser scanning data for the spatial generation of critical forest parameters in fire behavior modeling","volume":"86","author":"Riano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.10.004","article-title":"Generalizing predictive models of forest inventory attributes using an area-based approach with airborne LiDAR data","volume":"156","author":"Bouvier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.07.002","article-title":"Mapping snags and understory shrubs for a LiDAR-based assessment of wildlife habitat suitability","volume":"113","author":"Martinuzzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.04.032","article-title":"Estimation of crop LAI using hyperspectral vegetation indices and a hybrid inversion method","volume":"165","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.04.010","article-title":"Hyperspectral versus multispectral data for estimating leaf area index in four different biomes","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stere\u0144czak, K., Vaglio Laurin, G., Chirici, G., Coomes, D., Dalponte, M., Latifi, H., and Puletti, N. (2020). Remote sensing Global Airborne Laser Scanning Data Providers Database (GlobALS)\u2014A New Tool for Monitoring Ecosystems and Biodiversity. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111877"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/13\/2126\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:46:32Z","timestamp":1760175992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/13\/2126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12132126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12132126","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]}}}