{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T01:56:20Z","timestamp":1769306180614,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DST-NISA program, SAC-ISRO-AVIRIS-NG-AO program","award":["BDID\/01\/23\/2014-HSRS\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BDID\/01\/23\/2014-HSRS\/20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Filling in the void between forest ecology and remote sensing through monitoring biodiversity variables is of great interest. In this study, we utilized imaging spectroscopy data from the ISRO\u2013NASA Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer\u2014Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) India campaign to investigate how the measurements of biodiversity attributes of forests over wide areas can be augmented by synchronous field- and spectral-metrics. Three sites, Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS), Vansda National Park (VNP), and Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR), spread over a climatic gradient (rainfall and temperature), were selected for this study. Abundant species maps of three sites were produced using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier with a 76\u201380% overall accuracy. These maps are a valuable input for forest resource management. Convex hull volume (CHV) is computed from the first three principal components of AVIRIS-NG spectra and used as a spectral diversity metric. It was observed that CHV increased with species numbers showing a positive correlation between species and spectral diversity. Additionally, it was observed that the abundant species show higher spectral diversity over species with lesser spread, provisionally revealing their functional diversity. This could be one of the many reasons for their expansive reach through adaptation to local conditions. Higher rainfall at MTR was shown to have a positive impact on species and spectral diversity as compared to SWS and VNP. Redundancy analysis explained 13\u201324% of the variance in abundant species distribution because of climatic gradient. Trends in spectral CHVs observed across the three sites of this study indicate that species assemblages may have strong local controls, and the patterns of co-occurrence are largely aligned along climatic gradient. Observed changes in species distribution and diversity metrics over climatic gradient can help in assessing these forests\u2019 responses to the projected dynamics of rainfall and temperature in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12132130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T06:51:20Z","timestamp":1593759080000},"page":"2130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Inferring Species Diversity and Variability over Climatic Gradient with Spectral Diversity Metrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Amrita N.","family":"Chaurasia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maulik G.","family":"Dave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reshma M.","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bimal","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad 380015, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3335-1790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashanth R.","family":"Marpu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5559-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110570, Gainesville, FL 32611-0570, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. S. R.","family":"Krishnayya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.01904","article-title":"Seasonal drought limits tree species across the Neotropics","volume":"40","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160662","article-title":"Functional Traits and Niche-Based Tree Community Assembly in an Amazonian Forest","volume":"322","author":"Kraft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature26152","article-title":"Shifts in tree functional composition amplify the response of forest biomass to climate","volume":"556","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14381","article-title":"Reconciling inconsistencies in precipitation\u2013productivity relationships: implications for climate change","volume":"214","author":"Knapp","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12023","article-title":"Site- and species-specific responses of forest growth to climate across the European continent","volume":"22","author":"Babst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. 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